In detail discuss why Phelps stokes commission was established. Include references and citations
The Phelps-Stokes Commission was established in 1911 by Caroline Phelps Stokes and her brother, Anson Phelps Stokes, with the primary goal of assessing the state of education for African Americans in the United States. This commission was initiated in response to the widespread disparities and inequalities that existed in education for African American students at the time. The commission sought to investigate the conditions of educational opportunities available to African Americans, particularly in the southern states, and to provide recommendations for improvements.
The establishment of the Phelps-Stokes Commission was influenced by the prevailing social and political climate of the early 20th century, which witnessed persistent racial segregation and discrimination in all aspects of society, including education. African Americans were largely excluded from access to quality education due to discriminatory practices, inadequate funding for schools in Black communities, and limited opportunities for advanced education. As a result, there was a growing awareness of the urgent need to address these educational disparities and to advocate for equal educational opportunities for African Americans.
The Phelps-Stokes Commission conducted comprehensive research and studies on the state of education for African Americans, including the availability of schools, the quality of instruction, teacher training, curriculum, and resources. The findings of the commission highlighted the vast inequalities and challenges faced by African American students, especially in the segregated South. The commission also emphasized the importance of providing vocational and industrial education to African Americans, as well as promoting higher education opportunities.
One of the key outcomes of the Phelps-Stokes Commission was the publication of several influential reports, including the "Education of the Negro in the United States" in 1916 and the "Sixty-Second Annual Report" in 1921. These reports provided valuable insights into the educational conditions of African Americans and helped to raise awareness about the need for reform and investment in education. The recommendations of the commission played a significant role in shaping future policies and initiatives aimed at improving educational opportunities for African Americans.
In conclusion, the Phelps-Stokes Commission was established to address the systemic inequalities and challenges faced by African American students in the United States. Through its research and advocacy efforts, the commission contributed to raising awareness about the importance of providing equal educational opportunities for all students, regardless of race. The legacy of the Phelps-Stokes Commission continues to inspire ongoing efforts to promote diversity, equity, and inclusion in education.
References:
1. Woodson, C.G. (1920). The Education of the Negro Prior to 1861. Washington, D.C.: The Association for the Study of Afro-American Life and History.
2. Phelps-Stokes Commission. (1916). Education of the Negro in the United States: A Survey of the Educational Status of the Negro. Washington, D.C.: Phelps-Stokes Fund.