Valleys and mountain ranges are formed through the process of plate tectonics. When two tectonic plates collide, they create intense pressure and force, causing the Earth's crust to buckle and fold. This folding process leads to the formation of mountain ranges. Additionally, erosion by water, ice, and wind over millions of years carves out valleys between the mountains. The continuous movement and collision of tectonic plates, along with the forces of erosion, shape and reshape these formations over time.
