Valleys and mountain ranges form through the processes of tectonic activity and erosion. Tectonic activity, specifically through the movement of Earth's tectonic plates, can create uplift and folding of the crust, leading to the formation of mountains. This uplift can also create deep trenches or basins, which eventually become valleys. Over time, erosion by factors like water, wind, and glaciers carves and shapes these mountains and valleys, further transforming the landscape into its present-day form. Thus, the complex interplay between tectonic forces and erosion plays a crucial role in the formation of valleys and mountain ranges.
