Valleys and mountain ranges are formed through tectonic activities and erosion. Tectonic activities occur when the Earth's crust is subjected to immense pressure, leading to the formation of faults, folds, and uplifts. Mountain ranges form when tectonic plates collide or subduct, causing the crust to buckle and form long chains of mountains. Over millions of years, erosion by water, ice, wind, and gravity wears down elevated regions, creating valleys between mountain ranges.
