How did the Commercial Revolution and its aspects facilitate human cruelty?
The Commercial Revolution, which occurred in Europe between the 15th and 18th centuries, brought about significant economic and social changes, including the rise of capitalism, overseas exploration and colonization, and the emergence of a global market economy. While it led to various positive developments, such as increased trade, wealth, and cultural exchange, it also facilitated human cruelty in several ways:
1. Transatlantic Slave Trade: The Commercial Revolution played a crucial role in the establishment and expansion of the transatlantic slave trade. The demand for labor in newly established colonies, particularly in the Americas, led to the mass enslavement and transport of millions of African people. This cruel trade was driven by economic motives, with European merchants and plantation owners profiting from the brutal exploitation of enslaved individuals.
2. Mercantilism and Colonialism: The Commercial Revolution gave rise to mercantilism, an economic system that emphasized the accumulation of wealth and power through the establishment of colonies and trade monopolies. European powers sought to exploit the resources and labor of colonized peoples, often resorting to oppressive and inhumane practices. Indigenous populations were subjected to forced labor, systematic oppression, displacement, and extermination in the pursuit of economic gain.
3. Exploration and Conquest: The quest for new trade routes, precious metals, and resources prompted European powers to embark on expeditions of exploration and conquest. This resulted in the subjugation and exploitation of native populations across the globe. Indigenous peoples in the Americas, Asia, and Africa were often subjected to violence, displacement, disease outbreaks, and cultural destruction, leading to immense suffering and loss of life.
4. Exploitative Labor Practices: The Commercial Revolution also saw the emergence of exploitative labor practices, particularly in the nascent industrial sector. As capitalism and industrialization grew, workers, including children, were subjected to harsh working conditions, long hours, low wages, and unsafe environments. This resulted in widespread human suffering, including injuries, illnesses, and even deaths.
In summary, the Commercial Revolution facilitated human cruelty through the establishment of the transatlantic slave trade, the expansion of colonization and mercantilism, the exploration and conquest of indigenous populations, and the emergence of exploitative labor practices. These aspects of the Commercial Revolution prioritized economic gains over human welfare, leading to immense suffering and cruelty.