Summarize the reasoning by Raymond Ibrahim that Europe was saved from Islam
In Raymond Ibrahim's viewpoint, Europe was saved from Islam due to a combination of internal conflicts within the Islamic world, external forces, and a strong Christian identity.
Firstly, internal conflicts within the Islamic world weakened its ability to conquer Europe. Ibrahim argues that numerous divisions and rivalries among different Islamic factions prevented a unified and coordinated invasion of Europe. These divisions included Sunni-Shia conflicts, tribal feuds, and sectarian disputes that distracted and weakened Muslim rulers.
Additionally, external forces played a role in thwarting Islamic expansion into Europe. Ibrahim claims that Europe benefited from the technological advancements of the Renaissance and the Enlightenment, which gave Europeans an advantage in warfare. The development of naval power and the ability to navigate sea routes also allowed European nations to defend themselves against potential invasions.
Lastly, Ibrahim emphasizes the strength of Europe's Christian identity, which provided a cultural and ideological resistance against Islam. Europe's deep-rooted Christian beliefs and traditions served as a unifying force against external threats and inspired resistance to Islamic influence. Ibrahim argues that Christianity played a pivotal role in motivating Europeans to protect their lands and values.
Overall, Ibrahim's reasoning for Europe being saved from Islam revolves around the combination of internal conflicts within the Islamic world, external technological developments, and a strong Christian identity that prevented Islamic conquests.