23. Which of the following not a description of internal validity?
a) The extent to which the design and the data it yields, allows the researcher to draw accurate conclusions about cause-and-effect and other relationships within the data.
b) Concerned with existing relationships between variables causal. This means that findings on whether a relationship exists between two or more variables, are guided by statistics.
c) Concern in identifying cause-and-effect relationships, it is important to any research study because the data collected should result in a valid conclusion.
d) Rather than other biasing effects of extraneous variables, we want to be sure that the effects detected in a study are the result of the intervention in the study sample. (1)