Early sciencetist understood localization of function in the brain through

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observations of patients with brain injuries or diseases that affected specific areas of the brain. For example, they noticed that damage to the frontal lobe often resulted in changes in personality and disrupted decision-making abilities, while damage to the temporal lobe could affect memory and language processing.

They also conducted experiments on animals, such as lesion studies where specific areas of the brain were surgically removed or damaged to see how it affected behavior and cognitive function. These experiments helped provide further evidence for the idea that different areas of the brain were responsible for different functions.

Additionally, advancements in technology such as brain imaging techniques like fMRI and PET scans allowed scientists to directly observe brain activity in real-time, further supporting the concept of localization of function in the brain.