What countries contributed to the spread of nationalism in Europe?
1. France: The French Revolution and Napoleonic Wars played a significant role in spreading nationalism across Europe. The ideas of liberty, equality, and fraternity espoused during this period inspired nationalist movements in other countries.
2. Italy: Italian nationalism, led by figures such as Giuseppe Garibaldi and Count Camillo di Cavour, helped unify the various Italian states and regions into a single nation-state in the 19th century.
3. Germany: German nationalism was fueled by the desire for unity and independence from foreign rule. The efforts of leaders such as Otto von Bismarck culminated in the unification of Germany in 1871.
4. Greece: The Greek War of Independence against the Ottoman Empire in the early 19th century inspired nationalist movements in other parts of the Balkans and Eastern Europe.
5. Poland: The partitions of Poland in the late 18th century and the unsuccessful uprisings against foreign powers in the 19th century fueled Polish nationalism and the eventual re-establishment of an independent Polish state in the aftermath of World War I.
6. Serbia: Serbian nationalism played a key role in the struggles for independence from the Ottoman Empire and later in the creation of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia in the aftermath of World War I.
Overall, nationalist movements in these countries, as well as in other parts of Europe, contributed to the spread of nationalist ideas and the eventual reshaping of political boundaries and identities in the continent.