What steps will be most effective for a manufacturer that wants to reduce the human costs of extracting the minerals it uses in its smartphones?

1. Implementing ethical sourcing practices: The manufacturer should work with suppliers who adhere to strict ethical standards in their mining operations. This includes ensuring fair wages and safe working conditions for miners.

2. Investing in technology: The manufacturer should invest in technology that can help streamline the extraction process and minimize the need for human labor. This can include implementing automation and robotic technology in mining operations.

3. Supporting education and training programs: The manufacturer can also support education and training programs for miners in order to improve their skills and create safer working conditions. This can also help reduce the reliance on manual labor in mining operations.

4. Implementing transparency and accountability measures: The manufacturer should establish clear supply chain traceability processes to ensure that the minerals used in its smartphones are sourced responsibly. This can help prevent human rights abuses in the extraction process.

5. Engaging with stakeholders: The manufacturer should engage with local communities, governments, and non-governmental organizations to understand the social and environmental impact of its mining operations and identify opportunities for improvement. This can help build trust and ensure that the company is taking the necessary steps to reduce the human costs of mineral extraction.