What specifications define the standards for cable broadband? 

Some of the specifications that define the standards for cable broadband include:

1. DOCSIS (Data Over Cable Service Interface Specification): This is the international standard developed by CableLabs that specifies how data is transmitted over cable TV systems. DOCSIS has evolved over the years to support higher data rates and technologies such as DOCSIS 3.0 and DOCSIS 3.1.

2. Downstream and Upstream Data Rates: Cable broadband standards typically specify the maximum data rates for downloading and uploading data over the network, measured in megabits per second (Mbps) or gigabits per second (Gbps).

3. Signal Frequency: Cable broadband standards define the frequency range over which data can be transmitted on the cable network. This includes both downstream and upstream frequency bands.

4. Modulation Techniques: Cable broadband standards specify the modulation techniques used to encode data onto the cable network. This includes techniques such as Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM) for DOCSIS 3.0 and newer standards.

5. Channel Bonding: Cable broadband standards support channel bonding, which allows multiple data channels to be combined to increase data rates. This is important for achieving higher speeds on cable networks.

6. Quality of Service (QoS): Cable broadband standards define QoS parameters to ensure that different types of traffic (e.g., video streaming, VoIP) receive appropriate levels of service on the network.

7. Security: Cable broadband standards include specifications for encryption and authentication to protect user data and maintain network security.

Overall, these specifications help define the capabilities and performance of cable broadband networks, ensuring that they meet the needs of consumers and can support high-speed internet access.