Which event are associated with European Christians taking control of lands ruled by Muslims?
The events associated with European Christians taking control of lands ruled by Muslims include:
1. The Reconquista in the Iberian Peninsula, in which Christian kingdoms gradually pushed out Muslim rulers and gained control of areas such as Spain and Portugal.
2. The Crusades, a series of religious wars fought between European Christians and Muslims in the Holy Land (modern-day Middle East) with the goal of capturing Jerusalem and other important sites.
3. The fall of Constantinople in 1453, when the Ottoman Empire, a Muslim power, captured the Byzantine capital and brought an end to the Byzantine Empire.
4. The colonization of North Africa and the Middle East by European powers in the 19th and early 20th centuries, resulting in the establishment of European colonies and protectorates in Muslim-majority regions.