Why are lichens considered crucial for establishing a new ecosystem after an extreme disturbance? (1 point)
A. • Lichens fix atmospheric nitrogen, enriching the soil.
B. • They provide a direct food source for herbivores in the early stages.
C. • Lichens create a physical barrier against soil erosion.
D. , They pioneer in colonizing bare surfaces, initiating soil formation.
D. They pioneer in colonizing bare surfaces, initiating soil formation.
Lichens are able to grow and survive on bare rock and soil, breaking down these materials and initiating the process of soil formation. This is crucial for establishing a new ecosystem after an extreme disturbance, as it creates a foundation for other organisms to thrive.