The mountainous terrain of Greece played the largest role in creating independent Greek city-states. The rugged topography of the region fragmented the land into isolated valleys and small plains, making communication and travel difficult. This geographical feature encouraged the development of independent city-states, as each community was able to govern itself within its own borders without interference from neighboring settlements. Furthermore, the mountains provided a natural defense against invaders, allowing for the establishment of distinct political entities with their own laws, customs, and identities.
