Consider the following scenario

You are a scientist, observing rodents on the Galapagos island you notice that the introduction of the new bird of prey has limited the number of rodents

What term best describes a factor that is limiting the number of the rodents that environment can support

The term that best describes the factor limiting the number of rodents in this scenario is "limiting factor." In this case, the new bird of prey is acting as a limiting factor by reducing the population size of the rodents by preying on them.