Summerly notes of chemistry
1. Matter is composed of tiny particles called atoms or molecules.
2. Atoms are made up of a nucleus consisting of protons and neutrons, surrounded by electrons.
3. Elements are substances that consist of only one type of atom.
4. The periodic table organizes elements based on their atomic number (number of protons).
5. Compounds are formed when atoms of different elements chemically combine with each other.
6. Chemical reactions involve the breaking and forming of chemical bonds to create new substances.
7. The law of conservation of mass states that matter cannot be created or destroyed, only rearranged in a chemical reaction.
8. Acids are substances that release hydrogen ions (H+) in water, while bases release hydroxide ions (OH-).
9. pH is a measure of how acidic or basic a solution is, with a pH of 7 being neutral.
10. Chemical reactions can be exothermic (release energy) or endothermic (absorb energy).
11. Organic chemistry is the study of carbon compounds, which are the basis for life.
12. Biochemistry focuses on the chemical processes and substances that occur in living organisms.
13. Stoichiometry involves calculating the quantities of substances involved in chemical reactions.
14. The ideal gas law relates the pressure, temperature, volume, and number of particles of a gas.
15. There are different types of bonding, including covalent (sharing of electrons), ionic (transfer of electrons), and metallic (sea of electrons).
16. The structure and properties of molecules can be determined through techniques such as spectroscopy and crystallography.
17. Chemical equilibrium occurs when the forward and reverse reactions in a chemical reaction are occurring at the same rate.
18. Thermodynamics is the study of heat energy and its transformation during chemical reactions.
19. Electrochemistry deals with the study of chemical processes involving electric currents and reactions at electrode interfaces.
20. Organic reactions involve the transformation of organic compounds through reactions such as addition, elimination, and substitution.