How is a unitary system of government different than a federal government?
A unitary system of government is different from a federal government in terms of power distribution and governance structure.
1. Power distribution: In a unitary system, all significant powers are concentrated in a central government, which holds authority over subnational units or local governments. The central government can delegate some powers to these subnational units, but it has the ability to revoke or modify them as per its discretion. On the other hand, in a federal government, powers are divided between the central or federal government and subnational units, both of which have specific spheres of authority that are legally protected.
2. Governance structure: In a unitary system, the central government has the primary decision-making authority, and local governments typically act as administrative bodies implementing the decisions made at the central level. Local governments may have limited autonomy and subservience to the central government, as their powers can be altered or overridden by the central government. Contrastingly, in a federal government, both the central or federal government and subnational units have their own separate spheres of authority and decision-making power. They usually share powers and responsibilities in areas such as legislation, taxation, and administration, with some level of autonomy for subnational units to govern within their defined areas.
3. Constitution: Unitary systems usually have a unitary constitution that outlines the structure of government, the division of powers, and the relationship between the central authority and local governments. This constitution can be amended or modified by the central government. In contrast, federal governments have a federal constitution that defines the distribution of powers between the central and subnational units. Amendments to the constitution generally require the consent of both levels of government, ensuring a more rigid framework to protect the rights and powers of subnational units.
4. Flexibility vs. Rigidity: A unitary system allows for a more centralized and efficient decision-making process, as the central government has greater control over policies and programs throughout the country. Changes can be made swiftly and uniformly. Conversely, a federal government promotes decentralization and ensures that multiple levels of government have a share in governance. This allows for greater regional autonomy, citizen participation, and tailoring policies to local needs.
Overall, the key distinctions lie in the concentration of power, governance structure, constitutional framework, and flexibility in decision-making. While a unitary system centralizes authority, a federal government distributes power and promotes a balance between central and subnational units.