Strain theories
Strain theories seek to explain why individuals engage in deviant or criminal behavior. They argue that individuals are more likely to engage in such behavior when they experience strain or stress, often resulting from a discrepancy between their goals and the means available to achieve them within society. Strain theories emphasize the role of social and economic conditions in shaping individuals' behavior.
One of the most well-known strain theories is Robert Merton's Anomie Theory. Merton argued that societies have culturally-defined goals, such as wealth or success, which are often emphasized and valued. However, not all individuals have equal access to the means necessary to achieve these goals, creating a strain. In response to this strain, individuals may either conform to accepted means, innovate and find alternative ways to achieve goals, or engage in deviant behavior.
Another influential strain theory is Richard Cloward and Lloyd Ohlin's Differential Opportunity Theory. This theory builds on Merton's ideas but adds a focus on illegitimate opportunities. It suggests that individuals may engage in deviant behavior when they lack both legitimate and illegitimate opportunities to achieve their goals. For example, those who face barriers to educational and employment opportunities may turn to criminal activities as an alternative means of achieving their goals.
Agnew's General Strain Theory is another important strain theory that expands the concept of strain beyond economic goals. Agnew argues that strain can arise from various sources, such as the failure to achieve positively valued goals, the removal of positively valued stimuli from an individual's life, or the imposition of negative stimuli. This theory suggests that individuals are more likely to engage in deviant behavior as a response to these strains, as they lack alternative coping mechanisms.
Overall, strain theories provide valuable insights into the social and structural causes of deviant behavior. They emphasize the role of societal factors in shaping individuals' choices and actions, highlighting the need for addressing social inequalities and providing legitimate opportunities for all members of society.