Models of communication
There are several models of communication that have been developed by scholars and communication theorists. Some of the commonly recognized models include:
1. Shannon-Weaver Model: This is one of the earliest models of communication and is often referred to as the "transmission model." It is a linear model that focuses on the transmission of a message from a sender to a receiver. The model includes a sender, encoder, channel, decoder, and receiver.
2. Berlo's Model of Communication: Developed by David Berlo, this model emphasizes the role of the sender and receiver in the communication process. It includes four elements: source (sender), message, channel, and receiver. It also considers the factors that affect communication, such as the sender's skills, the receiver's perceptions, and the context in which the communication takes place.
3. Lasswell's Model: This model is often referred to as the "Five Ws" model, as it focuses on answering questions related to communication: who, says what, in which channel, to whom, and with what effect. It emphasizes the purpose of communication and the impact it has on the receiver.
4. Osgood-Schramm Model: Developed by Charles E. Osgood and Wilbur Schramm, this model is also known as the "circular model" as it views communication as a circular process involving feedback. It includes the elements of source, encoder, message, decoder, receiver, and feedback to illustrate how communication is an ongoing process that involves exchanging information and feedback between the sender and receiver.
5. Barnlund's Transactional Model: This model considers communication as a transaction between sender and receiver, where both parties are simultaneously sending and receiving messages. It focuses on the interactive nature of communication and the importance of shared meaning and understanding between the sender and the receiver.
6. Dance's Helical Model: Developed by Frank Dance, this model emphasizes the dynamic nature of communication and how it evolves over time. It suggests that communication is not a linear process but rather a spiral that continuously builds on past interactions. The model includes the concepts of successive cycles of communication, feedback, and cumulative learning.
It is important to note that these models are simplified representations of the complex communication process and may not capture all aspects of communication in every context. Communication is a multifaceted process affected by various factors such as culture, context, and individual differences.