Describe the concept of Social Darwinism. Explain its relationship to the poem/idea of "White Man's Burden". Include specific examples to support your explanation.
Social Darwinism is a social theory that originated in the late 19th century and is based on Charles Darwin's theory of natural selection. It applies the principles of biological evolution to human society, arguing that societies and individuals, just like species, must compete to survive and that only the fittest will thrive. Social Darwinists believe that this competition leads to progress and improvement, as the strongest individuals and societies rise to power and dominance.
The poem "White Man's Burden" by Rudyard Kipling reflects and promotes the ideology of Social Darwinism. Published in 1899, the poem was written during the period of European imperialism, when European powers were colonizing and subjugating other countries, particularly those in Africa and Asia. The poem presents the idea that it is the moral duty of the white race to civilize and uplift the so-called "lesser" peoples of the world, who are seen as weak and in need of guidance.
The connection between Social Darwinism and the "White Man's Burden" lies in the belief that the white race, being more advanced and superior, has a responsibility to bring progress and civilization to other races. This belief is rooted in the concept of the survival of the fittest. According to this ideology, those who are fittest, whether individuals or nations, have a duty to uplift and civilize those who are less fit, as it is seen as part of the natural order of things.
For example, in the poem, Kipling describes the people in the colonized countries as "half-devil and half-child." This dehumanizing description depicts them as primitive and in need of guidance. It suggests that it is the white man's burden to civilize these people, as they are not capable of doing so themselves. This notion aligns with Social Darwinism's perspective that certain races or societies are more advanced and fit to lead, while others are weaker and need to be guided.
Furthermore, the poem also reflects the idea that the process of colonization and the spreading of Western values are a form of competition and survival. Kipling emphasizes the struggles, sacrifices, and burdens that the white race must endure to fulfill its duty. These challenges are presented as necessary for the development and progress of both the colonizers and the colonized.
To illustrate this, Kipling writes, "Take up the White Man's burden, Send forth the best ye breed," suggesting that the best and fittest of the white race should be sent to colonies to lead and uplift the "savage" peoples. This selection process aligns with Social Darwinism's emphasis on the fittest individuals leading and improving society.
In summary, Social Darwinism, influenced by Charles Darwin's theory of natural selection, argues that societies and individuals must compete to survive, and only the fittest will flourish. The poem "White Man's Burden" promotes this ideology by suggesting that the white race has a moral duty to bring progress and civilization to less developed races. It reflects the belief that the colonization and subjugation of other peoples are part of the natural order, where the fittest race must guide and uplift the weaker ones.