the main point of foreign policy of menelik at the 1889-93
The main point of Menelik II's foreign policy between 1889 and 1893 was to modernize Ethiopia and secure its independence and territorial integrity in the face of European colonial aggression. Menelik aimed to strengthen Ethiopia's military capabilities, establish diplomatic relations with key European powers, and navigate the growing competition for African territories.
Menelik recognized that in order to effectively resist European colonization, he needed to modernize Ethiopia's military and infrastructure. He sought to acquire modern weaponry, such as rifles and artillery, and expand the country's road and railway networks. Menelik also implemented reforms to strengthen his administration, including reorganizing the army and centralizing the government.
Another crucial aspect of Menelik's foreign policy was diplomacy. He pursued diplomatic relations with various European powers, signing treaties and trade agreements. His aim was to establish Ethiopia as a recognized and respected sovereign nation, securing its independence and gaining support against potential colonial encroachment.
One of the most significant events during this period was the negotiation of the Treaty of Wichale with Italy in 1889. However, there was a key dispute concerning the translation of the treaty. The Italian version claimed that Ethiopia was a protectorate of Italy, while the Amharic version indicated a mere friendship treaty. Menelik rejected Italy's claim of sovereignty over Ethiopia and ultimately invalidated the treaty, which led to the Battle of Adwa in 1896.
Overall, Menelik's foreign policy sought to modernize Ethiopia, establish diplomatic relations with European powers to secure independence, and navigate the complex colonial dynamics of the late 19th century. His efforts culminated in the decisive victory at the Battle of Adwa, which solidified Ethiopia's status as one of the few African nations to successfully resist colonization during the Scramble for Africa.