How have the Philippines, and Indonesia become more democratic in recent decades?
The Philippines and Indonesia have made significant progress towards becoming more democratic in recent decades through various reforms and changes. Here are some key factors:
1. People Power Movements: Both countries witnessed important social movements that pushed for democratic reforms. The Philippines saw the 1986 People Power Revolution, which ended the authoritarian rule of Ferdinand Marcos and led to the adoption of a new constitution with stronger democratic provisions. In Indonesia, the fall of President Suharto in 1998 was a result of mass protests demanding political and economic reforms.
2. Constitution and Electoral Reforms: Both countries enacted significant constitutional changes to strengthen democratic institutions and electoral processes. The Philippines introduced a new constitution in 1987, which expanded civil liberties, established checks and balances, and introduced a democratic system with regular elections. Indonesia also amended its constitution after Suharto's fall, which led to the establishment of a multipartite system, decentralization, and regular elections.
3. Political Party Reforms: Political party systems in both countries have undergone reforms to promote inclusivity and transparency. The Philippines adopted a party-list system in 1995, promoting the representation of marginalized groups in the legislature. In Indonesia, the political party laws were revised to ease the registration process, increase party funding transparency, and ensure fair competition.
4. Civil Society Engagement: Active civil society participation has played a crucial role in shaping democratic processes. Both countries have vibrant civil society organizations that advocate for human rights, social justice, and governance reforms. These groups have been instrumental in monitoring elections, promoting transparency, and championing democratic values.
5. Media Freedom and Access to Information: Improved media freedom and access to information have contributed to greater accountability and transparency. The Philippines and Indonesia have seen the growth of independent media outlets, investigative journalism, and online platforms that provide diverse perspectives and hold authorities accountable.
Despite progress, challenges remain in deepening democracy in both countries, such as addressing systemic corruption, promoting political inclusivity, and ensuring equitable economic development. Nonetheless, the advancements made in recent decades have laid a foundation for stronger democratic institutions in the Philippines and Indonesia.