How have the Philippines and Indonesia become more democratic in recent decades?
1. The military led coups to seize power
2. Dictators imposed new constitutions
3. Civil wars divided the countries between governments
4. Popular movements demanded and won elected governments
4. Popular movements demanded and won elected governments
In recent decades, both the Philippines and Indonesia have made significant progress towards democracy through the efforts of popular movements. In the Philippines, the People Power Revolution of 1986 played a crucial role in overthrowing the authoritarian regime of President Ferdinand Marcos. Mass protests, led by various segments of society, demanded free and fair elections, resulting in the restoration of democracy and the election of Corazon Aquino as President.
Similarly, in Indonesia, the Reformasi movement in the late 1990s brought about the downfall of President Suharto, who had ruled with an iron fist for more than three decades. This movement, characterized by widespread protests and demonstrations, demanded political reform and the end of authoritarian rule. Eventually, Suharto resigned, leading to free and fair elections in 1999, which marked the beginning of a more democratic era for Indonesia.
It is important to note that while popular movements played a significant role in shaping the transition to democracy, the processes were also influenced by other factors such as international pressure, economic conditions, and the role of civil society organizations. However, in both countries, the demands of the people for elected governments were instrumental in driving the democratic reforms that have taken place.