When water seeps into cracks in rock and then freezes, it expands and creates a deeper crack through a process called freeze-thaw weathering. This phenomenon occurs in cold climates or during winter seasons. The water enters the cracks and crevices of the rock, and when it freezes, it expands by about 9%. This expansion exerts pressure on the surrounding rock and can cause it to fracture or widen the existing cracks. Over time, repeated freezing and thawing cycles can gradually break down the rock and create larger cracks or even cause rocks to split apart. This process is a significant factor in the physical weathering and erosion of rock formations.
