The Congress, whenever two thirds of both Houses shall deem it necessary, shall propose Amendments to this Constitution, or, on the Application of the Legislatures of two thirds of the several States, shall call a Convention for proposing Amendments, which, in either Case, shall be valid to all Intents and Purposes, as Part of this Constitution, when ratified by the Legislatures of three fourths of the several States, or by Conventions in three fourths thereof, as the one or the other Mode of Ratification may be proposed by the Congress...." —United States Constitution, Article V Use the excerpt to answer the question. Which of the following best summarizes this excerpt?
a. Alterations to the Constitution must be deemed necessary and proposed by the House of Representatives
b. Changes to the Constitution may not be communicated to the States unless deemed necessary
c. Congress may not ratify the Constitution through any process
d.Each state legislature may choose between either mode of ratification to ratify a proposed amendment