What is the term for something that has a subject and a verb but does not have to be a complete sentence?

Responses
A clauseclause
B fragmentfragment
C phrasephrase
D statement

A clause is the term for something that has a subject and a verb but does not necessarily form a complete sentence. Clauses can be independent (also known as main clauses), which can stand alone as complete sentences, or dependent (also known as subordinate clauses), which cannot stand alone and need to be attached to an independent clause.

So the answer to your question is:
A clause