Mediterranean Test
Part Three
Q25
Use the table to answer the question.
The Greek City-States Social Structure
Upper class: aristoi: Wealthy citizens Owned agricultural land and equipment Held positions in government
Middle class: artisans: Skilled craftsmen Provided specialized goods and services Granted citizenship and voting rights
Lower class: perioikoi: Owned less-valuable land Granted citizenship and voting rights Agricultural workers outside the city Varied among polis
Women: Unable to vote Unable to own land Did not have the same rights and privileges as men Rights varied by polis
Laborers and enslaved people: Unable to vote Unable to own lan Relied on their employer Had no legal rights Provided agricultural services
Foreign citizens: Not granted full rights Not granted full citizenship Could achieve citizenship based on resources Examine the social classes of the ancient Greek poleis.
In 3–5 sentences, discuss the differences among the social classes. (4 points)
Q26
In 3–5 sentences, analyze how a contribution made to math or science by a Greek scholar is still significant today. (4 points
Q27
Answer the following question in 3–5 sentences. Why was the development and spread of Christianity relatively slow in the Roman Empire? (4 points)
Q28
In 3–5 sentences, compare the motivations for territorial expansion between the Roman Empire under Trajan and the Byzantine Empire under Justinian I. (4 points)
Q29
In 1–2 sentences, compare the motivations and conquests of the Ottoman Empire and the Umayyad dynasty. (2 points)
Q30
“In the two centuries following Muhammad’s death, the relationship between religious and secular authorities changed substantially.” In 1–2 sentences, develop a logical argument in support of this statement. (2 points)
Q25: The social classes in ancient Greek poleis varied based on wealth, occupation, and gender. The upper class, known as aristoi, were wealthy citizens who owned agricultural land, held government positions, and had the most rights and privileges. The middle class, called artisans, were skilled craftsmen who provided specialized goods and services and were granted citizenship and voting rights. The lower class, known as perioikoi, owned less valuable land and consisted of agricultural workers. Women had limited rights and privileges and could not own land or vote. Laborers and enslaved people had no legal rights and relied on their employers. Foreign citizens had limited rights and could achieve citizenship based on their resources.
Q26: A significant contribution made by a Greek scholar to math or science that still impacts us today is the work of Archimedes in the field of mathematics. Archimedes developed numerous mathematical concepts and principles, such as the Archimedes' principle and the method of exhaustion, which laid the foundation for modern calculus and the understanding of fluid mechanics. His work is still relevant and used in various scientific and engineering applications.
Q27: The development and spread of Christianity in the Roman Empire was relatively slow due to several factors. Firstly, Christianity was seen as a radical and foreign belief system that challenged the traditional Roman religion, which made it difficult for it to gain widespread acceptance. Secondly, Christians faced persecution and were frequently marginalized by the Roman authorities, which hindered their ability to spread their religion freely. Additionally, the decentralized nature of the Roman Empire meant that it took time for Christianity to reach all parts of the empire.
Q28: The motivations for territorial expansion differed between the Roman Empire under Trajan and the Byzantine Empire under Justinian I. Under Trajan, the Roman Empire aimed to expand its territories for economic and political reasons. They sought to increase their wealth through access to new resources and control over lucrative trade routes. On the other hand, under Justinian I, the Byzantine Empire sought to reclaim territories that were lost during the fall of the Western Roman Empire and restore the boundaries of the Roman Empire. The motivation was driven by a desire to reunite the empire and establish Byzantium as the successor to Rome.
Q29: The motivations and conquests of the Ottoman Empire and the Umayyad dynasty were driven by different factors. The Ottoman Empire aimed to expand its territories and establish a powerful Islamic state. Their conquests were driven by a combination of religious fervor, desire for economic resources, and geopolitical ambitions. In contrast, the Umayyad dynasty sought to spread Islam and establish their rule over conquered territories. Their conquests were primarily motivated by religious expansion and the desire to spread their faith.
Q30: The relationship between religious and secular authorities changed substantially in the two centuries following Muhammad's death due to the establishment of the caliphate system. Initially, after Muhammad's death, the caliphs held both religious and political authority. However, as the Islamic empire grew and faced various challenges, secular authorities began to gain more power and influence. This shift led to the emergence of dynasties and the separation of religious and political powers, creating a new balance between religious and secular authorities.
Q25:
The social classes in the ancient Greek poleis had distinct differences. The upper class consisted of the aristoi, who were wealthy citizens that owned agricultural land and equipment. They also held positions in the government. The middle class comprised artisans who were skilled craftsmen. They provided specialized goods and services and were granted citizenship and voting rights. The lower class, known as perioikoi, owned less valuable land and were granted citizenship and voting rights. They were agricultural workers outside the city. Women had fewer rights compared to men and could neither vote nor own land. Laborers and enslaved people had no legal rights, relied on their employers, and provided agricultural services. Foreign citizens were not granted full rights or full citizenship, but could achieve citizenship based on their resources. The social classes varied among the polis.
Q26:
One significant contribution made by a Greek scholar to math and science that is still relevant today is the work of Archimedes. Archimedes made important advancements in the field of geometry and invented various mathematical concepts, such as the principles of buoyancy and lever systems. These discoveries have had a lasting impact and are still applied in various scientific and engineering fields, influencing areas such as architecture, physics, and mechanics.
Q27:
The development and spread of Christianity were relatively slow in the Roman Empire for several reasons. Firstly, Christianity was initially viewed as a different and foreign religion, which made it difficult for it to gain acceptance among the Roman population. Additionally, Christianity challenged the traditional Roman religious practices and beliefs, which created resistance and opposition from those who held power in the empire. Moreover, the persecution of Christians by many emperors, such as Nero and Diocletian, further hindered the growth of Christianity. It was not until the Edict of Milan in 313 AD, issued by Emperor Constantine, that Christianity began to gain more recognition and acceptance within the Roman Empire.
Q28:
The motivations for territorial expansion between the Roman Empire under Trajan and the Byzantine Empire under Justinian I had some similarities and differences. Both empires sought to expand their territories and increase their influence. However, Trajan's motivation was primarily driven by the desire for military conquest and expansion, aiming to build a vast empire. On the other hand, Justinian I's motivation was more focused on reclaiming the former territories of the Western Roman Empire and restoring the glory of the Roman Empire under his rule. Justinian's territorial expansion was also linked to his efforts to spread Christianity and reconvert lost territories.
Q29:
The motivations and conquests of the Ottoman Empire and the Umayyad dynasty had similarities in terms of expansion and influence. Both empires aimed to expand their territories and establish dominance over various regions. The Ottoman Empire sought to expand its control over both European and Asian territories, eventually becoming a powerful and influential empire in the Middle East. The Umayyad dynasty, on the other hand, expanded its territories across North Africa, Spain, and parts of the Middle East, establishing a vast Islamic empire. Both empires also had religious motivations, with the Ottomans expanding the territories of Islam and the Umayyads spreading the influence of Sunni Islam.
Q30:
The relationship between religious and secular authorities changed significantly in the two centuries following Muhammad's death. Initially, the religious authority of Islam was closely tied to the political authority, with the caliphs holding both religious and political power. However, over time, as the Islamic empire expanded, the caliphate became more focused on governing vast territories and managing political affairs. This led to the emergence of a separate religious authority in the form of scholars and jurists who became responsible for interpreting religious teachings and issuing legal rulings. As a result, the religious and secular authorities became more distinct, marking a shift in the relationship between the two.
Q25: To answer this question, you need to analyze the social classes in ancient Greek city-states based on the information provided in the table. Begin by examining the characteristics and privileges of each social class, such as the upper class (aristoi), middle class (artisans), lower class (perioikoi), women, laborers and enslaved people, and foreign citizens. Identify and discuss the differences among these social classes in terms of their rights, responsibilities, and social status.
Q26: To answer this question, you need to analyze and identify a specific contribution made to math or science by a Greek scholar that is still significant today. Research and identify examples of Greek scholars such as Archimedes, Euclid, or Pythagoras, and their contributions to math or science. Discuss the significance and relevance of their contributions in modern times, explaining how they have influenced and impacted the field of math or science.
Q27: To answer this question, you need to analyze the factors that contributed to the slow development and spread of Christianity in the Roman Empire. Research and identify the historical context and challenges faced by early Christians, including issues such as persecution, the diversity of religious beliefs in the Roman Empire, and the Roman government's initial opposition to the new religion. Discuss how these factors impeded the growth of Christianity and why it took time for the religion to gain significant influence in the Roman Empire.
Q28: To answer this question, you need to compare the motivations for territorial expansion between the Roman Empire under Trajan and the Byzantine Empire under Justinian I. Research and identify the historical context and the goals of both empires during their respective periods of expansion. Discuss the similarities and differences in their motivations, such as economic, political, or military factors, and analyze how these motivations influenced their territorial expansion policies.
Q29: To answer this question, you need to compare the motivations and conquests of the Ottoman Empire and the Umayyad dynasty. Research and identify the historical context and goals of both empires. Compare their motivations for expansion, such as religious, political, economic, or territorial factors. Discuss their conquests and the extent of their empires, highlighting any similarities or differences in their approaches to expansion.
Q30: To answer this question, you need to develop a logical argument supporting the statement that "the relationship between religious and secular authorities changed substantially in the two centuries following Muhammad's death." Research and analyze the historical context, and identify significant events or developments that occurred during this period, such as the establishment of caliphates or religious schisms. Develop an argument explaining how these events or developments influenced the relationship between religious and secular authorities, highlighting the key changes that occurred during this time.