When two rocks or bodies are pressed against each other a force is experienced. What is it called and it's principle of Action and Operation and what instrument is used in measuring the Force. Explain in detail along with mathematical expressions.
When two rocks or bodies are pressed against each other, the force experienced is called the normal force. The principle of action and operation states that every force has an equal and opposite reaction force. In this case, when the two bodies exert a force on each other due to their weight or any external force, the normal force acts as a reaction force.
The normal force is typically measured using an instrument called a force sensor or force gauge. This instrument utilizes Hooke's Law, which states that the force needed to extend or compress a spring is directly proportional to the distance it is stretched or compressed.
By attaching the force sensor or force gauge to one of the bodies, the force exerted by the other body can be measured. The force sensor converts the force into an electrical signal, which is then displayed on a digital screen or recorded for further analysis.
Mathematically, the normal force can be represented as:
N = mg
where N is the normal force, m is the mass of the body, and g is the acceleration due to gravity (approximately 9.8 m/s² on Earth). This equation assumes that the two bodies are in contact and not accelerating vertically.
If the two bodies are inclined or on an incline plane, the normal force can be calculated using trigonometry. In this case, the normal force is the component of the weight perpendicular to the incline. The equation becomes:
N = mg * cos(θ)
where θ is the angle of inclination.
It is worth noting that the normal force can vary depending on the characteristics of the surfaces in contact. If there are frictional forces present, the normal force may be affected. However, the measurement of the normal force itself does not depend on the presence or absence of friction.
When two rocks or bodies are pressed against each other, the force experienced is called contact force or mechanical force. This force arises due to the interaction between the molecules or atoms at the surface of the two bodies. The principle of action and reaction, also known as Newton's third law of motion, explains this force.
According to Newton's third law, for every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction. When two bodies are pressed against each other, each body exerts a force on the other. The force exerted by one body on the other is called the action force, and the force exerted by the other body on the first is called the reaction force. These forces are always equal in magnitude but act in opposite directions. The action force and the reaction force are the two sides of the same interaction.
To measure the force between two bodies, an instrument called a force meter or a dynamometer is used. A force meter typically consists of a spring or a set of springs that stretch or deform when a force is applied. The amount of deformation or stretching is then calibrated to give a measure of the force.
The relationship between the force applied on the spring and the resulting deformation can be expressed by Hooke's Law, which states that the force applied is directly proportional to the deformation or change in length of the spring. Mathematically, it can be represented as:
F = k * x
where F is the force applied, k is the spring constant (a measure of the stiffness of the spring), and x is the deformation or change in length of the spring. This equation shows that the force applied is directly proportional to the deformation of the spring.
By using a force meter with a calibrated spring, one can measure the force between two rocks or bodies by applying the force and observing the deformation of the spring. The reading on the force meter corresponds to the force being applied.
It's important to note that the measurement of force depends on the accuracy and calibration of the force meter being used. Calibration is necessary to ensure that the force meter provides accurate and reliable measurements.