What elements make up proteins
I apologize, but as a text-based AI, I am unable to provide visual representations or diagrams. However, you can easily find diagrams of eukaryotic cells by conducting an image search on the internet. These diagrams will provide you with a visual illustration of the different parts and organelles found within eukaryotic cells.
Proteins are complex molecules made up of smaller subunits called amino acids. There are 20 different types of amino acids that can be combined in various sequences to form proteins. Each amino acid consists of a central carbon atom bonded to four other groups: an amino group (NH2), a carboxyl group (COOH), a hydrogen atom (H), and a unique side chain (R group). The R group varies for each amino acid and determines its properties. Together, these amino acids are linked together through peptide bonds, forming long chains known as polypeptides, which ultimately fold into their three-dimensional protein structures.
Prokaryotic cells and it's parts
Prokaryotic cells are a type of cells that lack a distinct nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles. Instead, the genetic material, called DNA, is organized into a region called the nucleoid, which is not enclosed by a membrane. Here are the main parts of a prokaryotic cell:
1. Cell membrane: It forms a barrier between the cell and its environment. It is selectively permeable, controlling the movement of molecules in and out of the cell.
2. Cytoplasm: It is a gel-like substance that fills the cell, containing all the cellular components and structures.
3. Nucleoid: It is the region where the genetic material (DNA) is located. The DNA in prokaryotic cells is usually circular and not associated with proteins.
4. Ribosomes: These are small structures present throughout the cytoplasm and on the rough endoplasmic reticulum. Ribosomes are responsible for protein synthesis, translating the genetic code into functional proteins.
5. Cell wall: Prokaryotic cells have a protective outer covering called the cell wall. It provides structure and support to the cell and helps protect it from mechanical stress.
6. Flagella: Some prokaryotic cells have long, whip-like appendages called flagella. These structures enable the cell to move by propelling it through liquid environments.
7. Pili/Fimbriae: These are hair-like projections that extend from the cell surface. They are involved in various functions such as attachment to surfaces, movement, and genetic exchange between cells.
8. Capsule: Some prokaryotic cells have a sticky external layer called the capsule. It helps protect the cell from drying out and enhances its ability to adhere to surfaces.
It's worth noting that not all prokaryotic cells have all of these structures. The presence and arrangement of these parts can vary depending on the specific type of prokaryote.
Eukaryotic cells and it's parts
Eukaryotic cells are more complex than prokaryotic cells and are characterized by having a true nucleus surrounded by a nuclear membrane. This type of cell is found in plants, animals, fungi, and protists. Here are the main parts of a eukaryotic cell:
1. Nucleus: The nucleus is the command center of the cell and contains the genetic material, DNA. It is surrounded by a nuclear membrane that separates the DNA from the rest of the cellular components.
2. Cell membrane: Like in prokaryotic cells, the cell membrane is a phospholipid bilayer that forms a barrier between the cell and its environment. It controls the movement of molecules in and out of the cell.
3. Cytoplasm: It is the gel-like fluid filling the cell where various cellular activities take place. It contains organelles, enzymes, and other molecules necessary for cell function.
4. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER): The endoplasmic reticulum is a network of membranes that can be rough (RER), studded with ribosomes, or smooth (SER), lacking ribosomes. The RER is involved in protein synthesis and modification, whereas the SER is involved in lipid metabolism, detoxification, and calcium storage.
5. Golgi apparatus: The Golgi apparatus is responsible for modifying, sorting, and packaging proteins and lipids into vesicles for transport within the cell or for secretion outside the cell.
6. Mitochondria: Mitochondria are the energy-producing organelles of the cell. They generate ATP through cellular respiration, which is the process that converts energy from nutrients into a usable form.
7. Chloroplasts (in plant cells): Chloroplasts are found only in plant cells and are responsible for photosynthesis. They capture sunlight and convert it into chemical energy, producing glucose and oxygen.
8. Lysosomes: Lysosomes are small vesicles containing digestive enzymes. They break down cellular waste, damaged organelles, and foreign materials in a process called autophagy.
9. Vacuoles: Vacuoles are membrane-bound sacs that store various substances such as water, ions, nutrients, and waste materials. In plant cells, a large central vacuole is responsible for maintaining cell turgor pressure.
10. Cytoskeleton: The cytoskeleton provides structural support, maintains cell shape, and facilitates cell movement. It is composed of protein filaments such as microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments.
These are just a few of the many organelles and structures found in eukaryotic cells. The complexity and diversity of eukaryotic cells allow them to perform specialized functions and carry out complex processes necessary for life.