What are examples of judicial restraint in the Supreme Court? Select all that apply
1. Plessy v. Ferguson (1896): In this case, the Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of racial segregation under the "separate but equal" doctrine. By doing so, the Court exercised judicial restraint and deferred to state laws that mandated segregated facilities.
2. West Coast Hotel Co. v. Parrish (1937): The Court upheld a Washington state minimum wage law, signaling a shift towards judicial restraint in economic matters, allowing the government greater ability to regulate economic activities in the interest of workers.
3. United States v. Lopez (1995): The Supreme Court struck down a federal law prohibiting guns in school zones, asserting that the Commerce Clause of the Constitution did not give Congress the authority to regulate this matter. This showed a restraint in expanding federal power.
4. National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius (2012): The Court upheld the Affordable Care Act's individual mandate as a tax, rather than an assertion of Congress's power under the Commerce Clause, thus showing restraint by not striking down the entire law.
5. Schuette v. Coalition to Defend Affirmative Action (2014): The Court upheld a Michigan state constitutional amendment banning the use of race as a factor in public university admissions, emphasizing the states' rights to make policy on this issue.
These examples showcase instances where the Supreme Court chose not to overturn legislation or significantly alter policy, invoking the principles of judicial restraint.