How were early New Guineans different from Australians first people
Early New Guineans were hunter-gatherers, while the first Australians were primarily nomadic hunter-gatherers. New Guineans also had a more complex social structure, with a hierarchical system of chiefs and clans. They also had a more developed system of agriculture, with the cultivation of yams, taro, and other crops. In contrast, the first Australians were largely dependent on hunting and gathering for their subsistence.
A. They were among the first people to discover farming.
This statement is incorrect. Early Australians were also among the first people in the world to discover and practice farming. The correct answer is not listed, but a more accurate answer would be: Early New Guineans had a more complex social structure and a more developed system of agriculture compared to Australia's first people, who were primarily nomadic hunter-gatherers.
Read the excerpt from an 1893 book describing the settlement of Australia and New Zealand.
“It is not necessary here to follow the complicated history of New Zealand in later years, which unfortunately comprises [includes] several bloody wars with the Maoris. The present prosperous condition of this great colony is well known, but it has not been effected without the rapid diminution [decrease in number] of the natives, who have met with the fate of most aborigines in contact with Europeans, especially when the former were naturally bold and warlike.”
—Notes on Captain Cook’s Journal
Which statement is best supported by the excerpt?
A.
The British attempt to wipe out the Maori was successful.
B.
The Maori suffered a loss of population and decline in power.
C.
The British had little trouble conquering and colonizing New Zealand.
D.
The Maori population gradually declined after Britain colonized New Zealand.
B. The Maori suffered a loss of population and decline in power.
This is the statement that is best supported by the excerpt. The passage states that the present prosperous condition of New Zealand had come with a rapid decrease in the number of natives, who have met the fate of most aborigines in contact with Europeans. The statement suggests that the Maori population suffered a decline and loss of power after the arrival of Europeans to New Zealand.
How did the geography affect how cultures developed in the Pacific island nations?
The Pacific island nations are characterized by vast distances between the islands and a scattered landmass. The Pacific is also a geologically active region, with volcanic activity and earthquakes being regular features. The geography played a critical role in how cultures developed in the Pacific island nations. Due to the vast distances between the islands, the people on each island developed their unique cultures. The lack of regular contact with other islands and the outside world allowed the people to develop distinct languages, customs, and traditions.
The geography also shaped the economies of the different Pacific island nations. The majority of the Pacific island nations are small in land area and rocky terrain surrounded by vast oceans. Their economies revolved around fishing and, to some extent, agriculture. The volcanic islands of the Pacific, such as Hawaii, Fiji, and Samoa, had better agricultural potential due to the fertile soils, and their economies were dependent on agriculture.
The geography of the Pacific island nations also indirectly influenced the trade networks and alliances that formed between different groups. The movements of the trade winds and ocean currents created natural trade networks between islands. These factors also contributed to the increased migrations and the mixing of different cultures. Overall, the geography of the Pacific island nations influenced how people lived and interacted with each other, resulting in a diverse range of cultures throughout the region.
How are the governments of Australia and the Pacific islands similar? How are they different?
Australia and the Pacific islands have some similarities and differences in their governments, as outlined below:
Similarities:
- Both Australia and the Pacific islands are democratic countries with elected governments.
- They follow the British Westminster system of government, with a parliamentary form of democracy.
- Both Australia and the Pacific islands have established legal systems based on Common Law.
- They have independent judicial systems and court systems.
- Both Australia and the Pacific islands have signed several international human rights treaties and conventions.
Differences:
- Australia is a much larger country than most Pacific islands, which are relatively small and have smaller populations.
- Australia is a federal state with a centralized government, while most Pacific islands are unitary states with a centralized government.
- The political systems of different Pacific islands are diverse, ranging from the traditional forms of governance in some cultures to modern democratic systems.
- Some Pacific islands are dependent territories of other countries or are under various forms of governance such as autonomous regions, while Australia is an independent country.
- Australia is a member of the United Nations, the Commonwealth, and G20, and it has significant global influence, while most Pacific islands are members of smaller regional organizations like the Pacific Islands Forum.
What was an effect of the development of long-distance navigation skills by the Polynesians?
How were early New Guineans different from Australia’s first people?
A.
They were among the first people to discover farming.
B.
They lived by hunting, fishing, and gathering.
C.
They were divided into hundreds of distinct ethnic groups.
D.
They migrated to the Pacific region from another part of the world.
The development of long-distance navigation skills by the Polynesians had several effects, some of which include:
1. Expansion of trade networks: The ability to navigate long distances allowed Polynesians to expand their trade networks, fostering the exchange of ideas and goods over vast distances. This led to cultural diffusion and the emergence of new traditions and practices in different parts of the Pacific.
2. Settlement of new lands: Polynesian navigators were able to locate, map, and settle new lands far from their original homeland. They colonized remote islands over a wide area of the Pacific, leading to an expansion in the human habitation of these islands.
3. Growth of Polynesian economies: The expansion of trade networks provided economic opportunities, with the Polynesians able to trade food, tools, ornaments, and other items, leading to economic growth for their communities.
4. Development of seafaring technology: The development of long-distance navigation skills led to advancements in seafaring technology, with better navigation devices and boats being developed to handle long-distance voyages.
5. Sharing of knowledge: Polynesian navigation techniques were shared with other seafaring cultures, leading to an expansion in global navigation as more reliable and advanced techniques were developed. The development of long-distance navigation skills had far-reaching effects on the Polynesian people, leading to significant changes in their cultures, economies, and technologies.
What are three research goals of scientists in Antarctica?
Scientists in Antarctica pursue a wide range of research goals, but here are three examples:
1. Climate studies: Antarctica plays a crucial role in regulating global climate, and scientists in Antarctica conduct research to better understand the changing climate trends. They collect data on temperature, atmosphere, ocean currents, and ice dynamics to help model the future climate and predict its potential impacts.
2. Environmental research: Antarctica is a unique and pristine environment with distinct ecosystems that evolved over millennia. Scientists conduct research to understand these unique ecological systems, track the impacts of human activities, and monitor potential environmental changes to inform policies that protect the region.
3. Astronomy research: Antarctica provides one of the best places in the world to conduct astronomical studies due to its high altitude, clear skies, and low atmospheric interference. Researchers use telescopes to study the stars and galaxies, searching for new planets and investigating the origins of the universe. Scientists also study cosmic rays, which are more easily detected due to the low atmospheric interference.
Other research goals include studying geology and glaciology, conducting medical research to advance human health, and investigating the impacts of solar storms on Earth.
2. Three bird species share a habitat. Bird A eats insects and plant seeds. Bird B drinks flower nectar. Bird C eats plant seeds.
A drought occurs in their habitat, and that season’s plants are wiped out entirely. What is the likely outcome for each type of bird? (Lesson 4)
Bird A:
Bird B:
Bird C:
Bird A: Bird A, which eats insects and plant seeds, would likely suffer from the loss of plant seeds as a food source. However, they can still feed on insects, which may not have been affected as severely by the drought.
Bird B: Bird B, which drinks flower nectar, would likely suffer significantly as drought may reduce the flower population. With reduced flower supply, they may not find enough nectar to meet their dietary needs.
Bird C: Bird C, which eats plant seeds, would also suffer significantly from the loss of plant seeds as their primary food source would be gone. They would likely need to rely on alternate food sources or migrate to areas where plants are still growing.
Which organisms’ decline may reduce the curlew population?
The curlew population could potentially be reduced if there is a decline in the populations of the organisms that it feeds on. The curlew is a bird that feeds on a variety of organisms, including insects, crustaceans, mollusks, and small fish. Therefore, declines in the populations of these organisms could potentially reduce the curlew population. Additionally, curlews are also preyed upon by predators such as foxes, birds of prey like eagles, and feral cats, so an increase in their populations could also negatively impact curlew populations.
An event happens that decreases the number of earthworms, spiders, and insects in an area. How would you expect the event to affect the number of long-billed curlews in the same area?
A decrease in the number of earthworms, spiders, and insects in an area is likely to have a negative impact on the population of long-billed curlews in the same area since these organisms are a major food source for the birds. Long-billed curlews primarily feed on invertebrates such as earthworms, spiders, insects, and crustaceans. A decrease in the number of these organisms would reduce the availability of food for long-billed curlews, leading to a decline in their population. The birds may have to travel further or switch to other food sources, which can be time-consuming and difficult, especially during breeding seasons or other critical periods. Therefore, a decrease in the number of earthworms, spiders, and insects can have a significant impact on the long-billed curlew population in the affected area.
How might bird populations on mountainsides respond to a warming climate?
Bird populations on mountainsides may respond to a warming climate in several ways, some of which include:
1. Shifts in habitat: As temperatures rise, bird populations may shift their ranges, seeking cooler temperatures at higher elevations if available. If the available habitat is limited, birds may move to other areas, which can impact the ecosystems they left and/or the ecosystems they are moving into.
2. Changes in breeding behavior: Climate warming can alter the timing and length of breeding seasons, affecting the arrival and departure of migratory species, the nest-building, incubation, and fledging processes, and other aspects of breeding behavior. For example, if spring arrives earlier than usual, birds may start breeding earlier in the season, which may affect the food sources and the timing of emergence of insects and plants they rely on.
3. Changes in resource availability: As temperatures warm, primary productivity shifts, resulting in changes in the distribution, abundance, and diversity of vegetation and insects. Changes in vegetation and insect diversity could shift the distribution and abundance of prey species for predatory birds such as raptors, hawks, or owls.
4. Increased competition: As species expand and change their habitats with shifting climate conditions, they may come into contact with new species, which could compete for resources. Climate change can result in new interactions between species that may lead to winners and losers based on variable competition.
5. Greater vulnerability to disease: A warming climate can enable disease organisms or vectors (such as mosquitoes that transmit avian malaria) to expand into areas where they were not previously found, exposing birds to new or increased risks from diseases.
Overall, bird populations on mountainsides may respond in various ways to a warming climate. However, the specific response is likely dependent on the species involved and the severity and pace of climate change.
What happened to North American coastal waters when the great white shark population decreased?
When the great white shark population decreased in North American coastal waters, it affected the ecosystem in several ways. Great white sharks are apex predators, and their presence at the top of the food chain helps to keep the populations of other marine species in check and regulate the local food web. Therefore, the decrease in the great white shark population had several ecological consequences, some of which include:
1. Increase in prey populations: With fewer great white sharks in the area, the populations of their prey (such as small fish, rays, and seals) may increase, leading to increased competition for resources and possible overconsumption of some prey species.
2. Shifts in the abundance and diversity of species: Changes in the relative abundance or absence of great white sharks may lead to shifts in the populations of other species. For example, if the number of small fish that great white sharks prey on increases, there may be a decrease in the populations of zooplankton, the small organisms that smaller fish feed upon.
3. Habitat changes: Changes in the populations of great white sharks may also change the behaviors of other organisms that occupy the same environment. For example, if seal populations increase (as a result of factors such as a lack of predation), there could be changes in the way they interact with their environment or other species.
4. Loss of critical interactions: Great white sharks are apex predators in coastal marine ecosystems, and their loss may highlight the value of the critical interactions they provide with other species, including the control of marine fish and mammal populations.
The decrease in the great white shark population may have a cascading effect on the rest of the food web and marine ecosystem, leading to long-term and potentially widespread ecological changes.
7. Which organism is most responsible for the decrease in the great white shark population?
There is no definitive answer to what organism is most responsible for the decrease in the great white shark population, as several factors are thought to have an impact. Some factors that may have contributed to the decrease in the great white shark population include:
1. Overfishing: Great white sharks have been caught as bycatch by commercial fishing operations, and they have been illegally targeted for their fins, which are highly valued in the shark fin trade.
2. Habitat loss and degradation: Great white sharks may depend on specific habitats for food sources, mating, and other behaviors, which are subject to human and/or natural alteration.
3. Climate change: Climate change may affect the habitat range of sharks, and changes in ocean temperature, acidity, and oxygen levels have the potential to impact their food sources, development, and migration patterns.
4. Pollution and human impact: Great white sharks, like other sharks, are susceptible to entanglement in marine debris or ingestion of plastics and other pollutants or human impact events.
Overall, the decline in the great white shark population is likely due to a combination of factors, and more research is needed to determine the relative contributions of each factor.
Climate change is primarily driven by
Climate change is primarily driven by greenhouse gas emissions resulting from human activities such as burning fossil fuels such as coal, oil, and gas, deforestation, industrial processes, and transportation. Greenhouse gases trap heat in the Earth's atmosphere, which increases the planet's temperature, leading to climate change. The most abundant greenhouse gases are carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and fluorinated gases. The burning of fossil fuels for energy generation releases the highest volume of carbon dioxide globally, contributing significantly to climate change. Deforestation and the use of forest land for agricultural activities are also major contributors to climate change. These activities reduce the number of trees available to absorb carbon dioxide through photosynthesis, leading to increased levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. Various impacts on climate include changes in precipitation patterns, temperature changes, sea-level rise, and more frequent and severe extreme weather events.
Hunting can be used to combat
Hunting can be used to combat overpopulation of certain animal species. Overpopulation of some animal species, such as deer or wild pigs, can result in negative consequences such as habitat degradation, reduced food availability, increased risk of disease transmission, and increased risk of vehicular accidents. Overpopulation can also create the potential for significant damage to other natural resources, such as tree seedlings, which can stunt the development of important forest habitats. Regulated hunting, when carefully planned, can help manage and mitigate the negative impacts of overpopulation by reducing the population density of the target species. This helps to maintain a balanced ecosystem by limiting the adverse effects of overpopulation, which can ultimately benefit both the hunted species and other animals. Additionally, hunting can also benefit society by providing a source of food and materials that are often obtained in a sustainable manner.
Fertilizer from agriculture flows into the ocean. What organism may directly benefit from this runoff?
Fertilizer runoff from agriculture can cause algal blooms in coastal waters, which can benefit certain organisms such as jellyfish. Algal blooms occur when an increase in nutrients, often from fertilizer runoff, leads to an excess of algae in the water. As the algae dies off, it sinks to the bottom, where it decomposes and consumes oxygen. This reduces the amount of oxygen in the water, making it difficult for other marine organisms to survive.
However, jellyfish can thrive in these conditions since they are able to tolerate low-oxygen environments. The overabundance of algae can also create a food source for jellyfish as they consume the algae directly or prey on small fish and other organisms that are attracted to the algae. Therefore, in some cases, fertilizer runoff in coastal waters could lead to an increase in jellyfish populations and blooms. However, this can create additional problems as jellyfish populations can become too large and disrupt the balance of the ecosystem, ultimately leading to declines in other species' populations.
11. Emperor penguins breed on shelves of sea ice in the winter. By spring, the chicks have developed waterproof plumage and are ready to swim in the cold ocean waters. What effect might a warming climate have on the penguins? (Lesson 6) **Think Sea Ice and warming tempts**
A warming climate could have significant effects on emperor penguins, particularly on their breeding habits and survival. Emperor penguins are adapted to living in the cold conditions of the Antarctic winter, where they breed and incubate their eggs on the shelves of sea ice.
However, a warming climate can cause several detrimental effects on this king of the penguins. For instance, melting sea ice caused by rising temperatures could reduce the availability of the sea ice shelf for breeding, which may result in a decline of population.
Warmer temperatures could also lead to changes in the location, frequency, and intensity of storms, which could affect the penguins' survival and foraging success. Additionally, changes in ocean