Of the energy received by the Earth from the Sun, and that is not reflected into space, how is it dispersed?
To determine how the energy received by the Earth from the Sun is dispersed, we can look at the Earth's energy balance. The Earth receives solar radiation from the Sun, some of which is reflected back into space, and the remaining energy is absorbed by the Earth's surface and atmosphere. This absorbed energy is then redistributed through various mechanisms. Let's break down the main ways in which this energy is dispersed:
1. Radiation: The Earth radiates energy in the form of long-wave infrared radiation. This is based on the Earth's temperature, with warmer objects emitting more radiation. The energy radiated by the Earth eventually escapes to space.
2. Conduction: Some energy is transferred through conduction, which is the direct transfer of heat between objects in physical contact. For example, heat is conducted from the Earth's surface to the lower layers of the atmosphere.
3. Convection: Energy is also dispersed through convection, which involves the movement of heat through the circulation of fluid (air or water). Convection currents transport heat vertically in the atmosphere, helping to distribute energy from the surface to higher altitudes.
4. Evaporation and condensation: Energy is involved in the phase changes of water, such as evaporation and condensation. When water evaporates from the Earth's surface, it requires energy and thus cools the surrounding environment. Conversely, when water vapor condenses into clouds, it releases energy, which can then be transported horizontally or vertically.
5. Latent heat release: Latent heat release occurs when water vapor condenses into liquid water or freezes into ice within clouds. This release of latent heat contributes to the redistribution of energy within the atmosphere.
6. Advection: Advection refers to the horizontal transport of energy by wind or ocean currents. Air masses and ocean currents carry heat from one region to another, helping to disperse energy across the Earth's surface.
These processes work together to disperse the energy received from the Sun throughout the Earth's system, maintaining a balance between incoming and outgoing energy.