how did the indus valley deal with floods
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https://www.penn.museum/sites/expedition/civilization-and-floods-in-the-indus-valley/
The Indus Valley civilization, which existed around 3300 to 1300 BCE, faced frequent flooding due to the geographical location of the region. The Indus River, along which the civilization was situated, would often overflow during monsoon seasons, causing significant damage to settlements and agriculture. Here's how the Indus Valley people dealt with floods:
1. Urban Planning: The cities of the Indus Valley civilization were meticulously planned and built with flood control in mind. The settlements were raised on artificial platforms or brick foundations, providing protection against floodwaters. Streets were aligned to create a natural drainage system, allowing water to flow out easily.
2. Drainage Systems: The Indus Valley people built an extensive network of interconnected drains and sewage systems to manage the excess water during floods. These drains, made of baked clay bricks, were often covered to prevent blockages and ensure effective water flow.
3. Flood Barriers: In some cases, the Indus Valley civilization built protective flood barriers. These barriers, also made of clay bricks, were constructed along the banks of the Indus River to help control the flow of water during flood events.
4. Reservoirs and Dams: The civilization had a sophisticated water management system. Reservoirs and dams were constructed to store excess water during monsoon seasons. These water management techniques allowed the civilization to use water resources efficiently and mitigate the impact of floods.
5. Agricultural Adaptation: The Indus Valley people developed agricultural practices that could withstand floods. By cultivating crops like wheat and barley, which are more resistant to waterlogging, they reduced the risk of crop loss during flooding. They also practiced crop rotation to maintain soil fertility and ensure food security even in flood-prone regions.
6. Preparedness and Resilience: The Indus Valley civilization had to constantly adapt and cope with frequent floods. Their society developed resilience by constructing buildings with flood-resistant materials, evacuating affected areas when necessary, and maintaining a strong community support system to deal with the aftermath of floods.
It's important to note that our understanding of how the Indus Valley civilization dealt with floods is derived from archaeological evidence, including the remains of their cities, drainage systems, and historical accounts.