Using the Crow’s Foot notation, create an ERD that can be implemented for a medical clinic, using the following
business rules:
� A patient can make many appointments with one or more doctors in the clinic, and a doctor can accept
appointments with many patients. However, each appointment is made with only one doctor and one
patient.
� Emergency cases do not require an appointment. However, for appointment management purposes, an
emergency is entered in the appointment book as “unscheduled.”
� If kept, an appointment yields a visit with the doctor specified in the appointment. The visit yields a diagnosis
and, when appropriate, treatment.
� With each visit, the patient’s records are updated to provide a medical history.
� Each patient visit creates a bill. Each patient visit is billed by one doctor, and each doctor can bill many
patients.
� Each bill must be paid. However, a bill may be paid in many installments, and a payment may cover more
than one bill.
� A patient may pay the bill directly, or the bill may be the basis for a claim submitted to an insurance
company.
� If the bill is paid by an insurance company, the deductible is submitted to the patient for payment.
Please make a draft of your diagram and post it at an image depository so we can look at it. Do check against the requirements before posting.
Here is a step-by-step guide to create an ERD (Entity-Relationship Diagram) for the medical clinic using the Crow's Foot notation:
Step 1: Identify the entities:
Based on the business rules, the main entities in the medical clinic system are:
- Patient
- Doctor
- Appointment
- Visit
- Diagnosis
- Treatment
- Medical History
- Bill
- Payment
- Insurance Company
Step 2: Identify the relationships between the entities:
- A patient can make many appointments with one or more doctors, and a doctor can accept appointments with many patients. This is a many-to-many relationship between Patient and Doctor entities, which requires the creation of a bridge entity Appointment.
- An appointment is made with only one doctor and one patient. This is a one-to-one relationship between Appointment and Doctor/Patient entities.
- Emergency cases do not require an appointment but are entered in the appointment book as unscheduled. This is a one-to-many relationship between Appointment and Emergency entities.
- An appointment yields a visit with the doctor specified in the appointment. This is a one-to-one relationship between Appointment and Visit entities.
- A visit yields a diagnosis and may yield a treatment. This is a one-to-one relationship between Visit and Diagnosis/Treatment entities.
- Each visit updates the patient's records to provide medical history. This is a one-to-one relationship between Visit and Medical History entities.
- Each patient visit creates a bill. Each patient visit is billed by one doctor, and each doctor can bill many patients. This is a many-to-many relationship between Patient and Doctor entities, which requires the creation of a bridge entity Bill.
- Each bill must be paid. This is a one-to-many relationship between Bill and Payment entities.
- A patient may pay the bill directly, or the bill may be the basis for a claim submitted to an insurance company. This is a one-to-many relationship between Bill and Insurance Company entities.
- If the bill is paid by an insurance company, the deductible is submitted to the patient for payment. This is a one-to-one relationship between Bill and Patient entities.
Step 3: Create the ERD using Crow's Foot notation:
Below is the ERD representation of the medical clinic system based on the identified entities and relationships:
Patient ----< Appointment >---- Doctor
|
|---< Emergency
Appointment -----< Visit >---- Diagnosis
|
|---< Treatment
|
|---< Medical History
Patient ----< Bill >---- Doctor
|
|---< Payment
|
|--- Insurance Company
Bill ----< Patient
Note: The lines between the entities indicate the type of relationship (e.g., one-to-one, one-to-many, many-to-many), and the "----<", ">----" symbols indicate the directionality of the relationship (e.g., one-to-many, many-to-one).
To create an Entity-Relationship Diagram (ERD) using the Crow's Foot notation for the given business rules, we can identify the entities involved and their relationships. Here's how you can create the ERD:
1. Identify the entities:
- Patient
- Doctor
- Appointment
- Visit
- Diagnosis
- Treatment
- Medical History
- Bill
- Payment
- Insurance Company
2. Identify the relationships between the entities:
- Patient and Doctor have a many-to-many relationship through the Appointment entity.
- Appointment and Doctor have a one-to-many relationship (one doctor per appointment).
- Appointment and Patient have a one-to-many relationship (one patient per appointment).
- Appointment and Visit have a one-to-one relationship (each appointment results in a visit).
- Visit and Diagnosis have a one-to-one relationship (each visit leads to a diagnosis).
- Visit and Treatment have a one-to-one relationship (each visit may result in treatment).
- Patient and Medical History have a one-to-many relationship (each patient has multiple medical history records).
- Visit and Medical History have a one-to-many relationship (each visit updates medical history).
- Doctor and Bill have a one-to-many relationship (each doctor can bill multiple patients).
- Patient and Bill have a one-to-many relationship (each patient can have multiple bills).
- Bill and Payment have a one-to-many relationship (each bill can have multiple payments).
- Bill and Insurance Company have a one-to-many relationship (each bill can be submitted to one insurance company).
- Payment and Bill have a many-to-one relationship (each payment is made for a single bill).
3. Draw the entities and relationships in the ERD using the Crow's Foot notation:
Here is a textual representation of the ERD using the notation:
```
___________ _______________ ____________________
| Patient | | Doctor | | Insurance Company |
|___________| |_______________| |____________________|
| | |
| | |
______|______ ______|______ ______|______
| Appointment | | Visit | | Diagnosis |
|_____________| |_____________| |______________|
___|___________ | |
| Emergency Case | ________|_______ |
|_______________| | Treatment | |
| |________________| |
| | |
______|______ ______|______ ______|______
| Medical | | Bill | | Payment |
| History | |_____________| |_____________|
|_____________| ______|______ |
| Deductible | |
|______________| |
```
By following these steps, you can create an ERD using the Crow's Foot notation for a medical clinic based on the given business rules.