To identify the type of deceptive appeal being used in each statement, we need to understand the different types of tactics commonly used. Here are some of the types of deceptive appeals:
1. Emotional Appeal: Manipulating the emotions of the audience to divert their attention from the real issue.
2. Ad Hominem: Attacking the character or personal traits of an individual rather than addressing the issue at hand.
3. Straw Man: Misrepresenting someone's argument to make it easier to attack.
4. Generalization: Making broad statements about a group or category without considering individual differences.
5. False Dilemma: Presenting only two options as the possible solutions when there are actually more alternatives.
6. Appeal to Authority: Using the opinion or influence of an authority figure to support an argument.
7. Bandwagon: Appealing to the popularity or consensus of the majority to persuade others to adopt the same viewpoint.
Now, let's analyze each statement and identify the type(s) of deceptive appeal being used:
1. Emotional Appeal (E): The statement tries to evoke an emotional response by emphasizing the protection of victims' rights over criminals'.
2. N: No deceptive appeal is used since it is stating a personal belief without directing it towards any opposing argument.
3. False Dilemma (FD): The statement suggests that victim reforms will result in the destruction of the accused's constitutional rights.
4. Ad Hominem (AH): The statement attacks the intelligence of conservative Supreme Court judges rather than addressing the issue at hand.
5. Generalization (G): The statement claims that every decent lawyer believes the harm suffered by a victim should be considered in determining punishment, making a broad assumption about all lawyers.
6. N: No deceptive appeal is used since it is stating a personal belief without directing it towards any opposing argument.
7. Bandwagon (B): The statement claims that everyone agrees that victim reforms are false promises made by legislators seeking votes.
8. Generalization (G): The statement implies that victims' rights movement developed because victims felt they had no rights in the criminal justice system, assuming every victim felt that way.
9. False Dilemma (FD): The statement suggests that Thurgood Marshall, a liberal, considers the harm a victim suffered irrelevant in a criminal trial.
10. N: No deceptive appeal is used since it is stating a personal belief without directing it towards any opposing argument.
11. Straw Man (SM): The statement misrepresents victim impact statements as the cause of juries basing their decisions on emotion rather than facts.
12. Appeal to Authority (AA): The statement cites Deborah Kelly, the chair of the American Bar Association’s Victims’ Committee, to support the claim about victims' satisfaction with the criminal justice system.
13. Generalization (G): The statement claims that judges let criminals off too easily without considering individual cases.
14. Straw Man (SM): The statement misrepresents victims' rights as denying the accused the right to a fair and impartial trial.
15. Appeal to Authority (AA): The statement cites Chief Justice William H. Rehnquist to argue that there is no constitutional rule excluding victim impact statements.
Please note that the analysis above is based on the assumptions made from the statements provided.