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To find the rate of change, we need to determine the change in y divided by the change in x between the two points given:
Rate of change = (change in y) / (change in x)
Rate of change = (8 - 4) / (-3 - 1)
Rate of change = 4 / -4
Rate of change = -1
Therefore, the rate of change for the linear function is -1.
To find the initial value (y-intercept), we can use one of the points provided in the table. Let's use the point (1, 4):
y = mx + b
4 = -1(1) + b
4 = -1 + b
b = 5
Therefore, the initial value (y-intercept) for the linear function is 5.