Cause of decolonization:
- World War II weakening European powers
- Democratic principles of the Atlantic Charter
- Self-determination and desire for independence
- Pan-African movements and conferences
Effects of decolonization:
- Authoritarian regimes and human rights abuses
- Rise of dictators like Joseph Mobutu, Idi Amin, and Muammar Gaddafi
- Economic instability due to single-product economies
- Civil unrest and fragmentation due to disregard for ethnic differences
- Lack of infrastructure leading to unstable social and economic structures
- Segregation and discrimination policies like apartheid in South Africa