A. Groupthink: A phenomenon where members of a group prioritize harmony and conformity over critical thinking, often leading to faulty decision-making.
B. Bystander Effect: The tendency for individuals to be less likely to help someone in need when others are present, assuming someone else will intervene.
C. Social comparison theory: The idea that individuals determine their own social and personal worth based on how they stack up against others.
D. Fundamental attribution error: The tendency to attribute others' behaviors to internal characteristics, while attributing our own behaviors to external factors.
E. Cognitive dissonance: The discomfort experienced when an individual holds conflicting beliefs or attitudes, leading to a change in beliefs or attitudes to alleviate the discomfort.
F. Social Loafing: The phenomenon where individuals exert less effort when working in a group, compared to when working alone.
G. Social identity theory: The theory that individuals define themselves based on group membership, leading to in-group favoritism and out-group bias.
H. Ethnocentrism: The belief that one's own culture or social group is superior to others, leading to a lack of understanding or tolerance of other cultures.
J. Deindividuation: The loss of self-awareness and personal identity in group settings, leading to a disregard for personal responsibility and norms.
K. Stereotype: A generalized belief or assumption about a particular group of people, often oversimplified and lacking individual variation.
L. Group polarization: The tendency for group decisions to be more extreme than the initial inclinations of individual group members.
M. In-group bias: The tendency for individuals to favor their own social group over others, leading to discrimination and favoritism.
N. Conformity: The tendency for individuals to change their attitudes or behaviors to align with the group norm.
O. Obedience: Compliance with direct orders from an authority figure, often leading individuals to act against their own moral judgment.
P. Self-fulfilling prophecy: A belief or expectation that influences behavior in a way that causes the belief to come true.
Q. Self-serving bias: The tendency to attribute successes to personal characteristics and failures to external factors, in order to protect one's self-esteem.