The cells in vascular plants, such as trees and flowering plants, have specialized structures called xylem vessels that help in the transport of water. These vessels create a continuous pathway from the roots to the upper parts of the plant. The water is absorbed by the roots through root hairs and is then transported upwards through capillary action, driven by transpiration.
In contrast, non-vascular plants, also known as bryophytes or mosses, lack specialized vascular tissues and do not have true xylem vessels. Instead, they rely on a process called diffusion for water absorption. They have small structures called rhizoids that help in the absorption of water from the surrounding environment. This diffusion-driven method of water uptake restricts their height. Due to the lack of efficient internal transport systems, non-vascular plants tend to be low-growing and are usually only a few centimeters tall.
The presence of specialized water-conducting tissues in vascular plants allows for more efficient water uptake and transport, which ultimately contributes to their ability to grow to much greater heights. The xylem vessels provide a continuous pathway for water movement from the roots to the leaves, ensuring that all parts of the plant receive the necessary water supply. This hydraulic system enables vascular plants to achieve extensive growth and reach considerable heights, as observed in large trees and ferns.