20. What was the significance of the Mayans' use of pyramids and palaces in their centers?
The pyramids and palaces served as religious and ceremonial centers for the Mayans. They were used for rituals, sacrifices, and as observatories for celestial events. These structures symbolized the power and authority of the ruling elite and were central to Mayan society and culture.
21. How did the location of the Aztec capital, Tenochtitlan, contribute to its defense?
Tenochtitlan was built on a small island in a shallow lake, surrounded by water. This natural barrier served as a strong defense against invading armies, as it was difficult for enemies to access the city without boats or causeways. The Aztecs also built causeways and canals that connected the city to the mainland, providing additional defensive advantages.
22. What were the social and economic impacts of the Columbian Exchange?
The Columbian Exchange, the widespread transfer of plants, animals, diseases, and technology between the Americas and the Old World, had significant social and economic impacts. It led to the introduction of new crops and livestock to Middle America, which increased agricultural productivity and supported population growth. However, it also brought devastating diseases to indigenous populations, causing widespread death and decline. The exchange also resulted in the establishment of European colonies, colonization, and the exploitation of native people.
23. What were the main social classes in colonial Middle America?
The main social classes in colonial Middle America were:
- Peninsulares: People born in Spain and held the highest positions in colonial society.
- Creoles: People of Spanish descent born in the Americas and owned large estates. They held significant economic and political power.
- Mulattoes: Individuals of mixed African and European ancestry, often enslaved or considered of lesser social status.
- American Indians: Indigenous peoples who were often subjugated and had limited rights and freedoms.
It is important to note that these social classes are not exhaustive and varied across different regions and time periods.