How did the defeat of the Aztec and Incan empires enrich the Spanish monarchy?
(1 point)
Responses
Spain began to levy heavy taxes on its American colonists.
Spain began to levy heavy taxes on its American colonists.
Spain sold its lands in the Americas to other European countries.
Spain sold its lands in the Americas to other European countries.
The monarchy received a portion of all treasures taken by the conquistadors.
The monarchy received a portion of all treasures taken by the conquistadors.
Spain took control of the slave trade between Africa and the Americas.
The monarchy received a portion of all treasures taken by the conquistadors.
How did the introduction of horses affect Native American culture?
(1 point)
Responses
Farming improved because Native Americans had horses to help plow the fields.
Farming improved because Native Americans had horses to help plow the fields.
Native Americans in some culture areas began to use horses for hunting and in warfare.
Native Americans in some culture areas began to use horses for hunting and in warfare.
The use of horses as transportation increased trade between different culture groups.
The use of horses as transportation increased trade between different culture groups.
Some Native American groups became wealthy selling horses to European colonists.
Some Native American groups became wealthy selling horses to European colonists.
What role did Vasco da Gama play in the growth of a Portuguese empire?
(1 point)
Responses
He claimed the east coast of South America for Portugal.
He claimed the east coast of South America for Portugal.
He led the first European expedition to reach India by sea.
He led the first European expedition to reach India by sea.
He established the Line of Demarcation.
He established the Line of Demarcation.
He was the first to suggest the use of captured Africans as slave labor.
He led the first European expedition to reach India by sea.
Why did Dutch colonies in the Americas fail to attract as many settlers as English colonies did?
(1 point)
Responses
Fewer people were dissatisfied with life in the Netherlands than in England.
Fewer people were dissatisfied with life in the Netherlands than in England.
The economy of the Netherlands was much weaker than that of England.
The economy of the Netherlands was much weaker than that of England.
The Dutch colonies were more difficult to reach by sea than the English colonies.
The Dutch colonies were more difficult to reach by sea than the English colonies.
The Dutch colonies had fewer natural resources than the English colonies.
The Dutch colonies had fewer natural resources than the English colonies.
Study the chart.
Large and Complex Empires Blending of Cultures
Big cities filled with riches Destroyed cities; the construction of Mexico City
Populations of many millions of people Millions of deaths due to disease
Traditional religions The destruction of religious artifacts and temples; forced conversion to Catholicism
Impressive architecture and arts Spanish language, laws, architecture, and food
Which of the following would be the most appropriate title for this chart?
(1 point)
Responses
Aztec and Incan Empires Before and After Spanish Conquest
Aztec and Incan Empires Before and After Spanish Conquest
Causes and Effects of Colonialism in Mesoamerica and the Andes
Causes and Effects of Colonialism in Mesoamerica and the Andes
Impact of the Expansion of the Portuguese Empire
Impact of the Expansion of the Portuguese Empire
Costs and Benefits of European Colonization in North and South America
Causes and Effects of Colonialism in Mesoamerica and the Andes
What is the correct order of the social pyramid of Spanish colonial society? Place the highest class at the top and the lowest class at the bottom.
(1 point)
Creoles
Mestizos and Mulattoes
Africans and Native Americans
Peninsulares
The correct order of the social pyramid of Spanish colonial society, from highest to lowest, is:
1. Peninsulares
2. Creoles
3. Mestizos and Mulattoes
4. Africans and Native Americans
What was the most valuable item traded between French colonists and Native Americans?
(1 point)
Responses
sugar
sugar
slaves
slaves
spices
spices
furs
furs
Why did the slave trade grow dramatically in the Americas in the mid-1500s?
(1 point)
Responses
People began to profit from selling Native Americans abroad.
People began to profit from selling Native Americans abroad.
Sugar became an important export.
Sugar became an important export.
Gold mining required a great deal of labor.
Gold mining required a great deal of labor.
Native Americans refused to work in the fields or in the mines.
Sugar became an important export.
How did illegal smuggling affect the Portuguese empire?
(1 point)
Responses
The Portuguese rulers profited from it.
The Portuguese rulers profited from it.
It caused a war between Spain and Portugal.
It caused a war between Spain and Portugal.
It caused economic hardship in the empire.
It caused economic hardship in the empire.
It led Portugal to expand its colonies.
It caused economic hardship in the empire.
How was Magellan's voyage different from that of Columbus?
(1 point)
Responses
Magellan sailed west across the Atlantic to reach the Caribbean.
Magellan sailed west across the Atlantic to reach the Caribbean.
Magellan sailed south down the coast of South America.
Magellan sailed south down the coast of South America.
Magellan sailed east around Africa to reach the Pacific Ocean.
Magellan sailed east around Africa to reach the Pacific Ocean.
Magellan sailed north around Europe to reach the Pacific Ocean.
Magellan sailed south down the coast of South America.
Which region led the world in agriculture and manufacturing during the 1500s and 1600s?
(1 point)
Responses
Asia
Asia
Europe
Europe
North America
North America
South America
Europe
Which of the following technologies required the measurement of the stars for navigation?
(1 point)
Responses
compass
compass
lateen
lateen
Mercator projection
Mercator projection
astrolabe
astrolabe
What means did Portuguese explorers use to establish trading posts in India, Persia, and Southeast Asia?
(1 point)
Responses
They signed agreements between the local rulers and the Portuguese king.
They signed agreements between the local rulers and the Portuguese king.
They worked with the native people to establish diverse colonies.
They worked with the native people to establish diverse colonies.
They seized existing trading posts using force.
They seized existing trading posts using force.
They allied with Muslim Arabs against local rulers.
They seized existing trading posts using force.
Soon after contact with Europeans, millions of people in the Americas died. Which factor was most responsible?
(1 point)
Responses
diseases from Europe such as influenza and smallpox
diseases from Europe such as influenza and smallpox
extended droughts that caused food shortages
extended droughts that caused food shortages
horse-mounted European soldiers
horse-mounted European soldiers
superior European armor and weapons
diseases from Europe such as influenza and smallpox
What factor contributed to the defeat of the Inca by the Spanish?
(1 point)
Responses
the refusal of the Inca to pay a ransom for their emperor
the refusal of the Inca to pay a ransom for their emperor
the lack of an Incan army
the lack of an Incan army
the refusal of the Incan emperor to cooperate with the Spanish
the refusal of the Incan emperor to cooperate with the Spanish
the appointment of an Incan emperor by Pizarro
the refusal of the Inca to pay a ransom for their emperor
Why are North America and South America considered to have the most diverse societies in the world today?
North America and South America are considered to have the most diverse societies in the world today due to several reasons:
1. Indigenous populations: Both North and South America were inhabited by numerous indigenous groups with distinct cultures, languages, and traditions. These indigenous populations contribute to the cultural diversity of the regions.
2. European colonization: The arrival of European colonizers brought a melting pot of cultures to the Americas. European settlers came from various countries, including Spain, Portugal, England, France, and the Netherlands, each with their own customs and traditions. This colonization process led to the blending of different cultural elements.
3. African slavery: The forced migration of millions of Africans to the Americas during the transatlantic slave trade introduced another layer of diversity to the societies. African descendants brought their languages, religions, music, and other cultural practices, resulting in vibrant African diaspora cultures.
4. Immigration: Over the centuries, North and South America have been destinations for immigrants from around the world, including Europe, Asia, Africa, and other regions. This constant flow of immigrants contributed to the diverse cultural fabric of the continents.
5. Multicultural societies: The presence of diverse cultural groups, including indigenous peoples, descendants of European colonizers, African diaspora communities, and various immigrant groups, has created multicultural societies that embrace and celebrate different traditions, languages, foods, and customs.
6. Geographic and environmental factors: The vast size and geographical diversity of the continents, from the Arctic regions to the Amazon rainforest and the Andes Mountains, have also influenced the development of diverse societies with unique adaptations to their environments.
Overall, the combination of indigenous cultures, European colonization, African slavery, ongoing immigration, and geographic diversity has contributed to the exceptional cultural diversity found in North and South America.
Why did the Puritans come to North America?
The Puritans came to North America for religious reasons. They were a group of English Protestants who sought to reform and purify the Church of England from what they considered to be residual Catholic practices. However, they faced persecution and disagreement with the English Crown and the established church hierarchy. In search of religious freedom and the ability to practice their faith without interference, a group of Puritans known as the Pilgrims established the Plymouth Colony in present-day Massachusetts in 1620. They were followed by other Puritan groups who established colonies such as the Massachusetts Bay Colony. The Puritans aimed to create a society based on their strict religious beliefs and moral values, where they could worship according to their own interpretations and establish a "city upon a hill" as an example of a righteous community.
Explain why the capitalist system developed in Europe
The capitalist system developed in Europe due to a combination of various economic, social, and political factors. Here are some key reasons:
1. Rise of Merchant Class: Europe experienced a rise in trade and commerce from the late medieval period onwards. This led to the growth of a wealthy merchant class who accumulated capital through trade, investment, and banking. They played a pivotal role in the development of capitalism by accumulating wealth and driving economic growth.
2. Expansion of International Trade: European exploration and colonization during the Age of Discovery opened up new trade routes and markets around the world. This expansion of international trade, especially in goods such as spices, textiles, and precious metals, created economic incentives for investment and profit-making.
3. Enclosure Movement and Agricultural Changes: In Europe, there were significant changes in agricultural practices, such as the enclosure movement, where common lands were privatized and consolidated for more efficient farming. This led to increased agricultural productivity and surplus, creating a workforce available for industrial production.
4. Technological Innovation: Europe witnessed significant technological advancements during the period, such as the development of printing presses, new navigational techniques, and improvements in agricultural tools and machinery. These innovations boosted productivity and facilitated economic growth.
5. Political and Legal Factors: Europe experienced political changes, including the growth of centralized nation-states and the decline of feudalism. These changes led to the establishment of legal systems that protected property rights, contracts, and enforceable commercial laws. This provided a stable and secure environment for capitalist enterprises to flourish.
6. Protestant Ethic and Work Ethic: The Protestant Reformation, particularly the teachings of John Calvin, emphasized virtues such as hard work, frugality, and worldly success as signs of spiritual salvation. This religious ideology encouraged individuals to engage in economic activities and accumulate wealth, contributing to the development of capitalist values and work ethic.
7. Emergence of Banking and Financial Institutions: The establishment of banks, stock exchanges, and other financial institutions facilitated capital accumulation, investment, and risk management. These institutions played a crucial role in mobilizing capital for economic activities and supporting capitalist endeavors.
Overall, the development of the capitalist system in Europe was driven by a combination of economic, social, and political factors that created an environment conducive to private enterprise, trade, and profit-making. The interplay of these factors laid the foundation for the emergence of capitalism as the dominant economic system in Europe and eventually spread to other parts of the world.
Describe the hardships and indignities faced by Africans from the time of being captured and transported to the Americas to their life as enslaved laborers in the Americas.
The experiences of Africans during the transatlantic slave trade and as enslaved laborers in the Americas were marked by immense hardship, dehumanization, and indignities. Here are some key aspects of their experience:
1. Capture and Middle Passage: Africans were forcibly captured or enslaved through various means, including warfare, raids, and kidnapping. Many endured brutal journeys across the Atlantic known as the Middle Passage. These voyages involved extremely overcrowded and unsanitary conditions on slave ships, with Africans shackled together, subjected to disease, malnutrition, and violence by the ship crew.
2. Loss of Freedom and Identity: Upon arrival in the Americas, Africans were stripped of their freedom, family, and cultural identity. They were forcibly separated from their loved ones, with families torn apart and sold to different slave owners. Africans' names, languages, religions, and traditions were often suppressed or destroyed as part of the process of dehumanization.
3. Chattel Slavery: Enslaved Africans were treated as property or "chattel" that could be bought, sold, and owned for life. They had no legal rights or agency over their own lives. Slavery was enforced through brutal violence, physical punishment, and psychological control. Techniques such as whipping, branding, and torture were used to maintain control and break their spirit.
4. Forced Labor: Enslaved Africans were forced to work on plantations, in mines, factories, and a variety of other settings. They faced grueling labor conditions, often working long hours under extreme physical demands and in harsh environments. They were subjected to constant surveillance, harsh discipline, and punitive measures if they did not meet the expectations of their enslavers.
5. Abusive Treatment and Inhumane Conditions: Enslaved Africans were subjected to various forms of abuse, including physical, sexual, and verbal mistreatment. They endured inhumane living conditions, cramped and unsanitary housing, inadequate nutrition, and lack of access to basic healthcare. Many suffered from diseases, malnutrition, and untreated injuries.
6. Degradation and Dehumanization: Enslaved Africans were dehumanized and treated as inferior beings by both the enslavers and broader society. They were often subjected to racist ideologies that justified their exploitation and devalued their humanity. Slavery reinforced a system of white supremacy and racial hierarchy, perpetuating deep-seated discrimination and injustice.
7. Resistance and Resilience: Despite these immense hardships, Africans resisted their enslavement in various ways. They engaged in acts of rebellion, sabotage, and escape, as well as preserving their cultures and traditions through secret gatherings, music, storytelling, and religious practices. The resilience and resistance of enslaved Africans played a vital role in the eventual abolition of slavery.
It is important to note that summarizing the experiences of millions of enslaved Africans across different regions and time periods cannot fully capture the extent of their sufferings and resilience. Their stories reveal the depths of cruelty and the strength of the human spirit in the face of unimaginable adversity.