Question

The Art of Engraving,end bold,

Engraving evolved from a highly skilled craft to a major art form in the 1400s. Engraving encompasses several techniques developed over time. Line engraving, dry point, etching, mezzotint, aquatint, and sugar aquatint are among the established engraving methods. Engravers use a sharp, wedged metal tool, a burin, to gouge the plate, or acid to burn in the lines and furrows. The metal plate is then used to make multiple prints of either an original artwork or a reproduction of another artist's work. Some of the earliest engravings were produced in Germany in the 1430s. Plaques were made by gouging lines into small plates of silver or gold and then filling the furrows with a dark substance. By the 1470s, the skill had developed into an art form capable of producing prints almost as detailed as oil paintings. At this time, a German artist, Martin Schongauer, created engraved original works notable for their contrasts and textures. He used deeply engraved lines in a variety of strokes, long and sinuous, short and sharp, and crosshatched, to produce realistic looking scales and fur on his figures. At the same time, in Italy, Andrea Mantegna was experimenting with varying the width of lines to produce shading. He discovered that by using an assortment of thicker and thinner lines he could produce a three-dimensional effect in his engravings.

By the early 1500s, artist Albrecht Durer had improved on these early techniques. His engravings introduced a richness in depth and detail not seen in earlier works. In the mid 1500s Cornelis Cort developed a technique that involved using lines that varied in width. The line became thicker in some areas and then tapered down in other areas. This flexible line made it possible for engravers to achieve shading in their work while gouging fewer lines. In the late 1500s, Hendrick Goltzius, a Dutch engineer, improved on Cort's technique. His polished use of long thickening and tapering lines produced highly artistic and technically sound original works and earned him admiration among the art patrons of the time. Goltzius trained many other engravers who were among the last to use engraving primarily to produce original works. By the 1600s, the trend in engraving shifted to highly skilled engravers reproducing other artists' works.

Question
The passage begins with a term-and-definition organizational pattern and then shifts to a chronological organizational pattern.



How does this organizational shift affect the passage?

Answer options with 4 options
1.
The shift disrupts the flow of information in the passage.

2.
The shift makes it difficult for readers to see how engraving evolved.

3.
The shift supports two different main ideas about the evolution of engraving.

4.
The shift clarifies and builds upon information in the beginning of the passage.

Answer 1

[AI-generated answer — Bot GPT 3.5]

4. The shift clarifies and builds upon information in the beginning of the passage.

Answer 2

is excerpt is from a radio address delivered by U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1933, a time of great economic uncertainty and hardship.,end italics,

from ,begin bold,The Fireside Chats of Franklin Delano Roosevelt,end bold,



I am certain that the people of this country understand and approve the broad purposes behind these new governmental policies relating to agriculture and industry and transportation. We found ourselves faced with more agricultural products than we could possibly consume ourselves and surpluses which other nations did not have the cash to buy from us except at prices ruinously low. We found our factories able to turn out more goods than we could possibly consume, and at the same time we were faced with a falling export demand. We found ourselves with more facilities to transport goods and crops than there were goods and crops to be transported. All of this has been caused in large part by a complete lack of planning and a complete failure to understand the danger signals that have been flying ever since the close of the World War. The people of this country have been erroneously encouraged to believe that they could keep on increasing the output of farm and factory indefinitely and that some magician would find ways and means for that increased output to be consumed with reasonable profit to the producer. . . .

It is wholly wrong to call the measure that we have taken government control of farming, control of industry, and control of transportation. It is rather a ,begin underline,partnership,end underline, between government and farming and industry and transportation, not partnership in profits, for the profits still go to the citizens, but rather a partnership in planning and partnership to see that the plans are carried out.

Let me illustrate with an example. Take the cotton goods industry. It is probably true that ninety percent of the cotton manufacturers would agree to eliminate starvation wages, would agree to stop long hours of employment, would agree to stop child labor, would agree to prevent an overproduction that would result in unsalable surpluses. But, what good is such an agreement if the other ten percent of cotton manufacturers pay starvation wages, require long hours, employ children in their mills and turn out burdensome surpluses? The unfair ten percent could produce goods so cheaply that the fair ninety percent would be compelled to meet the unfair conditions. Here is where government comes in. Government ought to have the right and will have the right, after surveying and planning for an industry to prevent, with the assistance of the overwhelming majority of that industry, unfair practice and to enforce this agreement by the authority of government. The so- called anti-trust laws were intended to prevent the creation of monopolies. That purpose of the anti-trust laws must be continued, but these laws were never intended to encourage the kind of unfair competition that results in long hours, starvation wages and overproduction.



(from ,begin underline,The Fireside Chats of Franklin Delano Roosevelt,end underline, by Franklin Delano Roosevelt)

Question
Which statement ,begin emphasis,best,end emphasis, describes what Roosevelt means by "partnership" in this passage?

Answer options with 4 options
1.
government sharing of profits from farming, industry, and transportation to ensure citizens receive an equal portion

2.
government control of the cotton industry, to eliminate harmful labor standards and overproduction of unsalable surpluses

3.
government oversight to uphold agreements and prevent unfair practices in farming, industry, and the workers employed in these sectors

4.
government design and approval of increased lower cost goods to guarantee families can afford basic necessities such as food and transportation

Answer 3

[AI-generated answer — Bot GPT 3.5]

3. Government oversight to uphold agreements and prevent unfair practices in farming, industry, and the workers employed in these sectors

Answer 4

[AI-generated answer — Step-by-Step Bot]

The correct answer is 4. The shift clarifies and builds upon the information in the beginning of the passage. The passage starts by providing a term-and-definition organizational pattern, discussing different engraving techniques. Then it shifts to a chronological organizational pattern, presenting the evolution of engraving from the 1400s to the 1600s. This allows the passage to provide a clear and logical progression of how engraving transformed from a craft to an art form over time.

Answer 5

[AI-generated answer — Explain Bot]

The correct answer is: 3. The shift supports two different main ideas about the evolution of engraving.

In the passage, the initial organization follows a term-and-definition pattern, explaining the different techniques and tools used in engraving. This provides a foundation of knowledge for the reader before introducing the chronological evolution of engraving.

The shift to a chronological organizational pattern allows the passage to explore the historical development of engraving and how the techniques and styles evolved over time. It showcases the advancements made by various artists and their contributions to the art form.

By using a chronological organization, the passage presents two main ideas about engraving: the different techniques and tools used in engraving, and how engraving evolved as an art form over time. This shift helps clarify and build upon the information provided in the beginning of the passage, providing a comprehensive understanding of the topic.