1. 753 BC: Legendary founding of Rome by Romulus and Remus.
2. 509 BC: The Roman Republic is established, marking the end of monarchy in Rome.
3. 264-241 BC: The First Punic War between Rome and Carthage begins after conflicts over control of Sicily.
4. 218-201 BC: The Second Punic War takes place, with Carthaginian general Hannibal invading Italy.
5. 149-146 BC: The Third Punic War concludes with the complete destruction of Carthage, establishing Rome as the dominant power in the Mediterranean.
6. 44 BC: Assassination of Julius Caesar, leading to a power struggle between his supporters (led by Mark Antony) and the senatorial faction (led by Octavian, later known as Augustus).
7. 31 BC: Battle of Actium, where Octavian's forces defeat Antony and Cleopatra, establishing Octavian as the sole ruler.
8. 27 BC: Octavian is granted the title "Augustus" by the Senate, marking the beginning of the Roman Empire.
9. 14 AD: Death of Augustus, succeeded by Tiberius as the second emperor of Rome.
10. 69 AD: Year of the Four Emperors, a period of civil war and power struggles following the death of Nero.
11. 117 AD: Rome reaches its largest territorial extent under emperor Trajan, spanning from Spain to the Persian Gulf.
12. 284 AD: Diocletian becomes emperor and introduces significant administrative and economic reforms, dividing the empire into East and West.
13. 330 AD: Emperor Constantine establishes the new capital of the Roman Empire in Constantinople (modern-day Istanbul) and promotes Christianity.
14. 476 AD: Western Roman Empire comes to an end as the last emperor, Romulus Augustus, is deposed by the Germanic chieftain Odoacer.