Let's assume that the common ratio for the sides of the triangle is "x".
According to the given information, the lengths of the sides are 5x, 6x, and 7x.
The perimeter of the triangle is the sum of the lengths of all three sides:
Perimeter = 5x + 6x + 7x = 18x
We're given that the perimeter is less than 54 cm:
18x < 54
Divide both sides of the inequality by 18:
x < 3
Since x represents the common ratio, it needs to be a positive number. The largest positive integer less than 3 is 2.
So, x = 2.
Therefore, the lengths of the sides of the triangle are 5x = 5 * 2 = 10 cm, 6x = 6 * 2 = 12 cm, and 7x = 7 * 2 = 14 cm.
Among these lengths, the longest side is 14 cm.