how can temperature lead to weathering of rocks

1. Thermal Expansion: When rocks are exposed to high temperatures, they absorb heat and expand. Different minerals within the rock expand at different rates due to variations in their thermal properties. This expansion can lead to internal stress and strain within the rock.

2. Contraction: Conversely, when rocks are exposed to low temperatures, they lose heat and contract. The contraction can cause the rock to shrink, which creates stress and strain within the material.

3. Repeated Expansion and Contraction: Rocks often experience fluctuating temperatures due to diurnal (daily) and seasonal variations. This cycle of expansion and contraction over time weakens the rock structure, making it more susceptible to weathering.

4. Thermal Stress: The repeated expansion and contraction of the rock due to temperature changes can result in the development of cracks and fractures. These fractures provide pathways for water, air, and other agents of weathering to penetrate the rock, accelerating the process.

5. Freeze-Thaw Weathering: When water seeps into the cracks of rocks during warm weather, it can freeze during colder temperatures. Water expands when it freezes, exerting pressure on the surrounding rock. This repeated freezing and thawing action can cause the rock to break apart, leading to weathering.

Overall, temperature fluctuations can induce mechanical stress and weaken the structure of rocks, making them more vulnerable to other weathering processes such as erosion, chemical weathering, and biological weathering.