The biosphere contains several layers of Earth. Which layer is not included in the biosphere?
A: Hydrosphere
B: Mantle
C: lithosphere
D: atmosphere
Mantle
B. Biosphere, relatively thin life-supporting stratum of Earth’s surface, extending from a few kilometres into the atmosphere to the deep-sea vents of the ocean. The biosphere is a global ecosystem composed of living organisms (biota) and the abiotic (nonliving) factors from which they derive energy and nutrients.
The layer that is not included in the biosphere is the B: Mantle. The biosphere refers to the zone of Earth where life exists, and it includes the A: Hydrosphere (water), C: lithosphere (land), and D: atmosphere (air). However, the mantle is a layer of the Earth located between the crust and the core, and it does not directly contribute to the biosphere.
To determine which layer is not included in the biosphere, we can first understand what each layer represents.
The biosphere refers to the layer of the Earth that contains all living organisms, including plants, animals, and microorganisms. It extends from the surface of the lithosphere (Earth's solid outer layer) to the top of the atmosphere (the gaseous envelope that surrounds the Earth).
Let's examine each option:
A: Hydrosphere - The hydrosphere includes all the water on Earth, including oceans, lakes, rivers, groundwater, and even water vapor in the atmosphere. Since water is essential for life and supports various organisms, the hydrosphere is indeed a part of the biosphere.
B: Mantle - The mantle is the layer beneath the Earth's crust and above the core. It consists of solid rock that is extremely hot and under high pressure. The mantle is not part of the biosphere as it does not contain any living organisms.
C: Lithosphere - The lithosphere is the outermost layer of the Earth and includes the crust and the upper part of the mantle. It serves as a habitat for plants, animals, and microorganisms. Therefore, the lithosphere is part of the biosphere.
D: Atmosphere - The atmosphere is the layer of gases that surrounds the Earth. It contains air, clouds, and various atmospheric components. While the atmosphere does not support all forms of life, it is home to many organisms such as birds, insects, and airplanes. Hence, the atmosphere is included in the biosphere.
Based on this information, the correct answer is B: Mantle. The mantle is not included in the biosphere.