How do I calculate the effective nuclear charges for Ga3+ and Ga?
You can find this empirical problem here with the numbers to be substituted in to the Slater and Hartree-Foch models. The numbers for Ga are here.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effective_nuclear_charge
effective nuclear charge measured where?
eff nuc charg= 9 -Number of electrons in the inner shells.
To calculate the effective nuclear charge (Zeff) for an atom or ion, you need to consider the number of protons in the nucleus and the shielding effect caused by inner electrons.
1. Determine the atomic number:
For gallium (Ga), the atomic number is 31.
2. Calculate the effective nuclear charge for Ga3+ (Ga in its 3+ ion form):
Ga3+ means that the gallium atom has lost three electrons, so it will have an atomic number of 31 - 3 = 28.
The effective nuclear charge (Zeff) for Ga3+ will be the number of protons (Z) minus the number of inner shell electrons (-S):
Zeff = Z - S
To calculate S, you can use the following formula:
S = full number of core electrons = atomic number - (valence electrons + inner shell electrons)
For Ga3+, the number of valence electrons is 0, and the number of inner shell electrons is 18 (2 electrons in the 1s orbital + 8 electrons in the 2s and 2p orbitals).
S = 31 - (0 + 18) = 13.
Therefore, for Ga3+:
Zeff = 28 - 13 = 15.
3. Calculate the effective nuclear charge for Ga (neutral gallium atom):
For Ga, the atomic number is 31.
Again, you can calculate S using the same formula as earlier:
S = full number of core electrons = atomic number - (valence electrons + inner shell electrons)
For Ga, the number of valence electrons is 3, and the number of inner shell electrons is 18.
S = 31 - (3 + 18) = 10.
Therefore, for Ga:
Zeff = 31 - 10 = 21.
So, the effective nuclear charge for Ga3+ is 15, and for Ga it is 21.
To calculate the effective nuclear charge (Zeff), you need to consider the number of protons in the nucleus and account for the shielding effect caused by the inner electron shells.
In the case of Ga3+ (gallium ion with a +3 charge), the atomic number of gallium (Ga) is 31. However, since the ion has a +3 charge, it has lost three electrons. Therefore, it has only 28 electrons remaining. To calculate the effective nuclear charge for Ga3+, you can use Slater's rule:
1. Write down the electron configuration for Ga (31 electrons) by following the filling order: 1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶ 4s² 3d¹⁰ 4p¹.
2. Assign screening constants (S) for each electron shell based on Slater's rule: s = 0.35, p = 0.85, and d = 1.
3. Determine the total shielding of each electron in the outermost shell by considering the electrons in all inner shells. For Ga3+, you would consider the shielding due to 28 electrons (remaining after the loss of three electrons).
4. Calculate the effective nuclear charge (Zeff) by subtracting the total shielding from the atomic number (Z): Zeff = Z - total shielding.
For Ga, the effective nuclear charge is simply the atomic number since there are no gained or lost electrons.
Keep in mind that calculating the effective nuclear charge is an approximate method and there may be variations depending on the specific elements and conditions.