1 Which of the following is NOT one of the three fundamental features of science?

a empirical questions
b public knowledge
c mathematical equations (My Answer)
d systematic empiricism

2 A set of beliefs can be said to be pseudoscientific if it lacks one or more of the three features of science and _____.

a its adherents claim or imply that it is scientific (My Answer)

b it has been discredited by scientific research
c it seems “crazy”
d it refers to phenomena that cannot be directly observed

3 Research questions in psychology can come from which of the following?

a previous research
b informal observations
c practical problems to be solved
d all of the above (My Answer)

4 Which of the following is a categorical variable?

a eye color
b IQ
c number of lifetime sexual partners (My Answer)
d shoe size

8 In a negative relationship, higher scores on one variable are associated with lower scores on another variable.

a True (My Answer)
b False

9 Pearson’s r cannot be negative.

a True
b False (My Answer)

11 In Milgram’s famous study, who was the confederate?

a the person being shocked (My Answer)
b the experimenter
c the person doing the shocking
d none of the above

12 Which of the following occurred in the infamous Tuskegee syphilis study?

a Research participants were told they had syphilis even though they did not to see how they would react. (My Answer)

b Research participants were denied treatment for their syphilis.

c Research participants were injected with syphilis bacteria.

d Research participants were give experimental treatments for syphilis.

17 For every _____ there are many plausible _____.

a fact; phenomena
b theory; researchers (My Answer)
c phenomenon; theories
d researcher; variables

20 A theory that explains a behavior primarily in terms of why it happens is which of the following?

a a mechanistic theory
b a typology
c a functional theory
d a hypothesis (My Answer)

22 What is the first thing that you should do in constructing a new theory?

a Create a set of mathematical equations that might account for the phenomena of interest. (My Answer)

b Understand the phenomena of interest in detail, along with any existing theories of them.

c Conduct at least four to six new empirical studies.

d Decide which type of theory you want to construct.

23 Measurement is best defined as which of the following?

a directly comparing one individual to a standard reference individual

b the assignment of scores to individuals so the scores represent some characteristic of the individuals (My Answer)

c the use of an established measuring instrument such as a ruler or scale to describe an individual

d an objective method of counting individuals

24. Which of the following is the best example of a construct?

a. depression
b. number of siblings
c. height (My Answer)
d. annual income

26. There is a single best conceptual definition of every psychological construct.

a. True
b. False (My Answer)

27. There is a single best way to measure every psychological construct.

a. True
b. False (My Answer)

28. Face validity is the extent to which a psychological measure appears to measure the construct of interest.

a. True (My Answer)
b. False

3, 4, 8, 9, 11, 26, 27 are right.

I don't know about 28.

The other answers are wrong.

Thank you very much Ms Sue

You're welcome.

28 is right.

1 s correct

#4 is in correct

Question 1

Which of the following is NOT one of the three fundamental features of science?
Question 1 options:
empirical questions
public knowledge
mathematical equations
systematic empiricism
Question 2
A set of beliefs can be said to be pseudoscientific if it lacks one or more of the three features of science and _____.
Question 2 options:
its adherents claim or imply that it is scientific
it has been discredited by scientific research
it seems “crazy”
it refers to phenomena that cannot be directly observed
Question 3
Research questions in psychology can come from which of the following?
Question 3 options:
previous research
informal observations
practical problems to be solved
all of the above
Save
Question 4
Which of the following is a categorical variable?
Question 4 options:
eye color
IQ
number of lifetime sexual partners
shoe size
Question 5
A research methods student conducts a study on the relationship between people’s level of extroversion and the number of close friends they have. She computes Pearson’s r, which comes out to be – 1.70. Which of the following is most clearly true?
Question 5 options:
The relationship between the two variables is weak.
More extroverted people have fewer friends.
She ought to use a bar graph to display her results.
She made an error in computing Pearson’s r.
Question 6
When you want to show that Variable X has a direct effect on Variable Y, what is the best kind of study to conduct?
Question 6 options:
a nonexperimental study
an experiment
an observational study
a survey
Question 7
The relationship between people’s heights and weights is positive.
Question 7 options:
True
False
Question 8
In a negative relationship, higher scores on one variable are associated with lower scores on another variable.
Question 8 options:
True
False
Question 9
Pearson’s r cannot be negative.
Question 9 options:
True
False
Question 10
In Milgram’s famous study, who was the confederate?
Question 10 options:
the person being shocked
the experimenter
the person doing the shocking
none of the above
Question 11
Which of the following occurred in the infamous Tuskegee syphilis study?
Question 11 options:
Research participants were told they had syphilis even though they did not to see how they would react.
Research participants were denied treatment for their syphilis.
Research participants were injected with syphilis bacteria.
Research participants were give experimental treatments for syphilis.
Question 12
Research on the effectiveness of normal educational activities would generally be categorized as which of the following?
Question 12 options:
exempt
minimal risk
at risk
none of the above
Question 13
Measuring characteristics of potential participants to identify those who may be at risk of harm in the study is called _____.
Question 13 options:
debriefing
prescreening
informed consent
risk reduction
Question 14
The difference between phenomena and theories is essentially the same as the difference between which of the following?
Question 14 options:
observations and models
correlational studies and experiments
significant and nonsignificant results
models and hypotheses
Question 15
How does a framework differ from a theory?
Question 15 options:
A framework is usually more specific than a theory.
A framework is usually more general than a theory.
A framework cannot be tested but a theory can.
A framework can be tested but a theory cannot.
Question 16
For every _____ there are many plausible _____.
Question 16 options:
fact; phenomena
theory; researchers
phenomenon; theories
researcher; variables
Question 17
As a general rule, every phenomenon has which of the following?
Question 17 options:
no real explanation
one clear explanation
many plausible explanations
one discoverer
Question 18
Theories in evolutionary psychology tend to take which approach?
Question 18 options:
functional
mechanistic
typological
stage
Question 19
A theory that explains a behavior primarily in terms of why it happens is which of the following?
Question 19 options:
a mechanistic theory
a typology
a functional theory
a hypothesis
Question 20 (1 point)
The general approach that scientists use to create and test theories is called which of the following?
Question 20 options:
the functional-mechanistic method
the theory-model-phenomenon approach
the quasi-logical hypothesis
the hypothetico-deductive method
Question 21
What is the first thing that you should do in constructing a new theory?
Question 21 options:
Create a set of mathematical equations that might account for the phenomena of interest.
Understand the phenomena of interest in detail, along with any existing theories of them.
Conduct at least four to six new empirical studies.
Decide which type of theory you want to construct.
Question 22
Measurement is best defined as which of the following?
Question 22 options:
directly comparing one individual to a standard reference individual
the assignment of scores to individuals so the scores represent some characteristic of the individuals
the use of an established measuring instrument such as a ruler or scale to describe an individual
an objective method of counting individuals
Question 23

Which of the following is the best example of a construct?
Question 23 options:
depression
number of siblings
height
annual income
Question 24
What is it called when a researcher measures the same construct in different ways?
Question 24 options:
multiple measurement
exploratory research
inconsistent assessment
converging operations
Question 25
There is a single best conceptual definition of every psychological construct.
Question 25 options:
True
False
Question 26
There is a single best way to measure every psychological construct.
Question 26 options:
True
False
Save
Question 27
Face validity is the extent to which a psychological measure appears to measure the construct of interest.
Question 27 options:
True
False
Question 28
A Cronbach’s alpha of .90 would indicate good internal consistency.
Question 28 options:
True
False
Question 29
A psychological measure is valid to the extent that the scores it produces are consistent over time.
Question 29 options:
True
False
Question 30
Psychological constructs can be observed directly by looking or listening.
Question 30 options:
True
False
Question 31
What are the two defining features of an experiment?
Question 31 options:
control of extraneous variables; statistical analysis of the results
statistical analysis of the results; a comparison of two groups
a comparison of two groups; manipulation of an independent variable
manipulation of an independent variable; control of extraneous variables
Question 32
Why are confounding variables bad?
Question 32 options:
They provide an alternative explanation for any observed difference between conditions.
They reduce internal validity.
They make it difficult to tell if the independent variable was responsible for the effect on the dependent variable.
all of the above
Question 33
Why do researchers randomly assign participants to conditions?
Question 33 options:
to control extraneous variables
to ensure that they find a strong statistical relationship between the independent variable and the dependent variable
to discover whether there is a placebo effect
to avoid fatigue effects
Question 34
Imagine that you are a participant in an experiment on the effects of morning exercise on mathematics performance. If this study uses a within-subjects design, which of the following would you do?
Question 34 options:
One day you take a math test after having exercised in the morning; another day you take a math test after not having exercised in the morning.
Either you exercise in the morning and then take a math test or you do not exercise in the morning and then take a math test.
c. You eat a healthy breakfast consisting of
You eat a healthy breakfast consisting of milk, juice, toast, and eggs.
You take a math test and then tell the researcher whether or not you exercised that morning.
Question 35
Imagine an experiment with one independent variable: noise level (quiet vs. noisy). If the researcher is using a between-subjects design and wants to have 20 participants per condition, how many participants will he need all together?
Question 35 options:
10
20
40
400
Question 36
What is the main advantage of conducting an experiment using a within-subjects design rather than a between-subjects design?
Question 36 options:
A within-subjects design eliminates the need for pilot testing.
A within-subjects design controls more extraneous variables.
A within-subjects design does not require manipulation of an independent variable.
A within-subjects design prevents carryover effects.
Question 37
A researcher is conducting a study in which the dependent variable is mental concentration. If it is a within-subjects design with lots of different conditions, then which of the following is most likely to be a problem for the researcher?
Question 37 options:
practice effect
fatigue effect
context effect
floor effect
Question 38
Experimenters manipulate independent variables and control extraneous variables.
Question 38 options:
True
False
Question 39
In a between-subjects experiment, each participant is tested in only one condition.
Question 39 options:
True
False
Question 40
In a within-subjects experiment, each participant is tested in more than one condition.
Question 40 options:
True
False
Question 41
Researcher Robert Rosenthal is known for his work on which of the following?
Question 41 options:
the effect of smiling on helping
cultural differences in time perception
social anxiety
experimenter expectancy effects
Question 42
What is the defining feature of nonexperimental research?
Question 42 options:
It is about personality and individual differences.
It lacks the manipulation of an independent variable, random assignment, or both.
It involves only one variable.
It has high external validity.
Question 43
Which of the following is a reason to conduct nonexperimental research?
Question 43 options:
The researcher is interested in thinking.
The researcher wants to maximize the internal validity of the study.
The researcher wants to avoid carryover effects.
It would be unethical to manipulate the independent variable.
Question 44
Which of the following is a type of nonexperimental research?
Question 44 options:
qualitative studies
correlational studies
quasi-experiments
all of the above
Question 45
Which of the following is the defining feature of correlational research?
Question 45 options:
An independent variable is manipulated while extraneous variables are controlled.
One variable is measured and described.
Research participants are interviewed in depth about their experiences.
Two variables are measured and the relationship between them is assessed.
Question 46
Coding of participant behaviors is generally an important part of which of the following?
Question 46 options:
archival data collection
sport psychology
quasi-experimental research
naturalistic observation
Question 47
Archival data would be least likely to be used in which of the following?
Question 47 options:
an experiment
a correlational study
a qualitative study
a single-variable study
Question 48
Qualitative research is meant to do which of the following?
Question 48 options:
generate novel research questions
explore people’s “lived experience”
address broad questions
all of the above
Question 49
Which of the following is a common data collection method in qualitative research?
Question 49 options:
administering questionnaires with rating scale responses
taking multiple physiological measures
using computer simulations
giving unstructured interviews
Question 50
Data analysis in qualitative research is most likely to include which of the following?
Question 50 options:
means and standard deviations
inferential statistics
unfalsifiable theories
detailed examples of participant responses
Question 51
What are the two main characteristics of survey research?
Question 51 options:
large random samples and self-report measures
self-report measures and face-to-face interviews
face-to-face interviews and statistical analysis
statistical analysis and large random samples
Question 52
“Is there anything else you would like to tell us about?” is an example of an open-ended item.
Question 52 options:
True
False
Save
Question 53
Closed-ended items provide a set of response options for respondents to choose from.
Question 53 options:
True
False
Question 54
A researcher who stands in a shopping mall and approaches anyone who looks to him like they would complete a survey is using random sampling.
Question 54 options:
True
False
Question 55 (1 point)
Researchers are most likely to use open-ended items under which of the following conditions?
Question 55 options:
They have a specific construct that they want to measure.
They do not have preconceived ideas about how people will respond.
They want their data to be quick and easy to analyze.
They are conducting their survey over the Internet.
Question 56
The BRUSO model is a model of which of the following?
Question 56 options:
how people respond to survey questionnaire items
the process of administering a survey
good survey questionnaire items
none of the above
Question 57
Survey research tends to use which of the following?
Question 57 options:
nonrepresentative sampling
convenience sampling
nonprobability sampling
probability sampling
Question 58
What is the best way to address the problem of nonresponse bias?
Question 58 options:
ignore the nonresponders when analyzing the data
force everyone to respond
do everything possible to maximize response rates
write unbiased questionnaire items
Question 59
What are the two main functions of the introduction to a survey questionnaire?
Question 59 options:
to encourage participation and establish informed consent
to establish the legitimacy of the survey and put respondents at ease
to inform the respondents of their rights and protect the researcher from lawsuits
to hide the true purpose of the survey and to establish rapport with respondents
Question 60
High-level APA style consists of rules about grammar, spelling, punctuation, and formatting.
Question 60 options:
True
False
Question 61
An APA-style abstract is usually about two pages long.
Question 61 options:
True
False
Save
Question 62
Which of the following presents the major sections of an APA style empirical research report in the correct order?
Question 62 options:
Introduction, Method, Results, Discussion
Method, Results, Discussion, Abstract
Abstract, Discussion, Method, Results
Method, Introduction, Discussion, Results
Question 63
The two broad themes of high-level APA style writing are that it is _____ and _____.
Question 63 options:
technical; thought provoking
creative; engaging
formal; straightforward
interesting; controversial
Question 64
Which of the following is an example of a low-level rule of APA style?
Question 64 options:
Avoid personally insulting other researchers.
Use number words for numbers lower than 10.
An empirical research report should start with a title page.
Write in a simple and clear manner.
Question 65
The title of an APA style research report should generally be which of the following?
Question 65 options:
typed in all capital letters
cute and attention grabbing
highly technical
no more than 12 words long
Save
Question 66
The literature review of an APA style introduction section should do which of the following?
Question 66 options:
cite and discuss the three most important studies on the current topic
provide an exhaustive list of all research conducted on the current topic
make an argument for why the current research question is worth addressing
discuss only new research that has been published in the past five years