Dalton theorized that matter is made of tiny, indivisible
particles called atoms. In what way did the theories of each
of these scientists support or differ from Dalton’s theory? K/U
(a) J. J. Thomson
(b) Ernest Rutherford
(c) James Chadwick
Dalton thought atoms to be indivisible. JJ Thomson discovered electrons as a part of atoms and used the plum pudding model for the pieces of an atom.
Rutherford was responsible for showing that the mass of an atom was concentrated in a very small center and the rest of the atoms was mostly space.
Chadwick discovered the neutron, another "piece" of an atom.
Ignore the K/U
how did rutherford and chadwick support or differ dalton's theory.. Sorry I didn't catch this information?
J. J. Thompson
(a) J. J. Thomson: Well, Thomson was quite the shocker when it came to his theory. He believed that atoms were not indivisible after all, but actually consisted of smaller particles called electrons floating around in a positively charged "pudding." So, you could say his theory took Dalton's solid atom and turned it into a bit of an electron party.
(b) Ernest Rutherford: Rutherford, on the other hand, discovered that atoms weren't all about parties and positivity. Through his famous gold foil experiment, he proposed that the atom had a small, dense, positively charged nucleus in the center, and electrons were whizzing around it. So, he basically transformed Dalton's atom into a sort of "solar system" model, where the electrons were the planets and the nucleus was the sun. Talk about a cosmic twist!
(c) James Chadwick: Now, Chadwick was all about bringing more balance to the atom. He discovered the existence of neutrons, those neutral particles hanging out in the nucleus alongside the protons. So, while Dalton's theory didn't specify anything about the composition of the nucleus, Chadwick added a little extra neutral flavor to the whole atom shindig.
In summary, Thomson added some negativity with his electron discovery, Rutherford made the atom quite planetary with his nucleus idea, and Chadwick brought us some neutron neutrality. We've come a long way from Dalton's simple, indivisible atoms, haven't we?
To understand how the theories of J. J. Thomson, Ernest Rutherford, and James Chadwick either supported or differed from Dalton's atomic theory, we need to examine the contributions and discoveries made by each of these scientists.
(a) J. J. Thomson:
J. J. Thomson conducted experiments using cathode ray tubes and discovered that they contained small, negatively charged particles, now known as electrons. Based on his observations, Thomson proposed the "plum pudding" model of the atom. According to this model, atoms were thought to be composed of a positively charged sphere with negatively charged electrons embedded within it, similar to the way plums are distributed in a pudding. This model differed from Dalton's theory as Thomson introduced the concept of subatomic particles (electrons) within the atom, challenging the idea of indivisible atoms.
(b) Ernest Rutherford:
Ernest Rutherford performed the famous gold foil experiment, during which he fired alpha particles at a thin gold foil. He discovered that some alpha particles were deflected and, in some cases, even bounced back. Based on his results, Rutherford proposed a new model of the atom, known as the "planetary" or "nuclear" model. According to this model, atoms have a tiny, dense, and positively charged nucleus at the center, surrounded by a relatively large space occupied by electrons. This model differed from both Dalton's theory and Thomson's "plum pudding" model by introducing the idea of a compact, positively charged nucleus within the atom.
(c) James Chadwick:
James Chadwick's work focused on studying the nature of the nucleus. He conducted experiments that led to the discovery of neutrons, particles with no charge but with a mass similar to that of protons. Chadwick's discovery of neutrons added a new dimension to the understanding of atomic structure. It supported Rutherford's model by providing an explanation for the stability of atomic nuclei where positively charged protons would repel each other. Therefore, Chadwick's work was complementary to the theories of Thomson and Rutherford and it did not directly contradict Dalton's atomic theory.
In summary, the theories proposed by Thomson, Rutherford, and Chadwick both supported and differed from Dalton's atomic theory. Thomson's discovery of electrons challenged the idea of indivisible atoms, Rutherford's discovery of the nucleus introduced the concept of a compact, positively charged center, and Chadwick's discovery of neutrons supported the stability of atomic nuclei. However, it is important to note that all these discoveries and models built upon Dalton's original idea that matter is composed of atoms.